Chapter 9: Social emotional development in early childhood Flashcards
What is interactionism in the context of self-concept?
Interactionism suggests that our sense of self is formed through interactions with others.
What is the ‘looking glass self’ according to Cooley?
The ‘looking glass self’ is the idea that we develop our self-concept based on how we believe others perceive us.
What are the two components of self according to Mead?
The two components are ‘I’, which is spontaneous and creative, and ‘me’, which is our social self.
What is the significance of the ‘significant other’ in self-development?
The ‘significant other’ is crucial as we begin to see ourselves through their perspective, influencing our self-concept.
What is the ‘generalized other’ in Mead’s theory?
The ‘generalized other’ refers to the ability to see ourselves through the perspectives of many people.
How does self-esteem develop in early childhood?
Self-esteem is formed through self-description and evaluation of qualities, often starting positively in young children.
What is the marshmallow test related to?
The marshmallow test assesses self-control, particularly the ability to delay gratification for a larger reward.
What is Erikson’s stage of ‘Initiative vs. Guilt’?
This stage involves children exploring and making decisions, with guilt developing from criticism and control.
What is gender identity?
Gender identity is the understanding of oneself as male or female, which develops in early childhood.
What is gender constancy?
Gender constancy is the knowledge that one’s gender does not change over time.
What are gender roles?
Gender roles are the rights and expectations associated with being male or female.
What is the phallic stage according to Freud?
The phallic stage is when children develop attraction to the opposite-sex parent and model behavior after the same-sex parent.
What does Chodorow’s theory suggest about mothering?
Chodorow suggests that mothering promotes gender stereotypic behavior and affects children’s development differently based on gender.
What are the three stages of gender development according to Kohlberg?
The three stages are gender identity (age 3), gender stability (ages 3-5), and gender constancy (age 7).
What is Butler’s theory of performativity?
Butler’s theory questions the traditional view of gender identity as stable, suggesting it is socially constructed and varies across contexts.
How do parenting styles differ in individualistic vs collectivistic cultures?
Individualistic cultures favor independence, while collectivistic cultures emphasize obedience and compliance.
What are Baumrind’s parenting styles?
Baumrind identified four styles: authoritarian, permissive, authoritative, and uninvolved, each affecting child development differently.
What is the impact of parental control on children?
High behavioral control is beneficial, while high psychological control can lead to internalizing problems like anxiety and depression.
What role do siblings play in child development?
Siblings help develop social skills, and the quality of sibling relationships is influenced by the parent-child relationship.
What is Piaget’s theory of moral development?
Piaget’s theory suggests that morality develops through cooperation and is influenced by children’s understanding of rules and intentions.
