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Biology 102 > Chapter 9: Skull and Visceral Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Skull and Visceral Skeleton Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary braincase (embryonic cartilaginous braincase)?

A

Neurocranium

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2
Q

What is the ancient dermal armor in vertebrates?

A

Dermatocranium

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3
Q

What is the contributions from the branchial skeleton?

A

Visceral Skeleton (Splanchnocranium)

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4
Q

Where were the neurocranium and splanchnocranium of early craniates formed?

A

Cartilage

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5
Q

What type of bone were added to the integument surrounding the skull and jaws?

A

Membrane Bones

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6
Q

What are the parts of the cranial skeleton of craniates that can be found in the skull?

A

Neurocranium and Dermatocranium

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7
Q

What are the parts of the cranial skeleton of craniates that can be found in the visceral skeleton?

A

Embryonic Upper Jaw cartilage (Palatoquadrate) and its replacement bones

Embryonic Lower Jaw Cartilage (Meckel’s Cartilage) and its replacement bones

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8
Q

What do you call the embryonic upper jaw cartilage?

A

Palatoquadrate

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9
Q

What do you call the embryonic lower jaw cartilage?

A

Meckel’s Cartilage

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10
Q

The upper jaw is visceral skeleton being part of or derived from what?

A

First Visceral Arch

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11
Q

The neurocranium is sometimes called _____, ______, or ______.

A

Endocranium, Chondrocranium, or Primary Braincase

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12
Q

What cartilage is parallel the anterior end of the notochord beneath the midbrain and the hindbrain?

A

Parachordal Cartilages

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13
Q

What cartilage develops anterior to the notochord underneath the forebrain?

A

Prechordal Cartilages (Trabeculae Cranii)

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14
Q

The notochord and parachordal cartilages are incorporated to form the _____.

A

Basal Plate

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15
Q

The prechordal cartilages expand and unite across the midline at their anterior ends to form the _____.

A

Ethmoid Plate

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16
Q

When parachordal and prechordal cartilages are forming, cartilage also appears in two other locations, _____ and _____.

A

Olfactory (Nasal) Capsule and Otic Capsule

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17
Q

The olfactory (nasal) capsule partially or completely surrounds the olfactory epithelium?

A

Partially

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18
Q

The otic capsule partially or completely surrounds the otocyst, which is the developing inner ear?

A

Completely

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19
Q

What does the olfactory (nasal) capsule partially surround?

A

Olfactory Epithelium

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20
Q

What does the otic capsule completely surround?

A

Otocyst

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21
Q

What does the otocyst develop into?

A

Inner Ear

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22
Q

The walls of the olfactory and otic capsules are perforated with foramina that transmit _____ and _____.

A

Nerves and Vascular Channels (blood vessels)

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23
Q

The optic capsule forms around the _____.

A

Retina

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24
Q

What is the sclerotic coat of the eyeball?

A

Optic Capsule

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25
Q

Does the optic capsule fuse with the rest of the neurocranium? Why or why not?

A

No so that the eye ball can be movable.

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26
Q

Is the sclerotic coat considered part of the neurocranium?

A

No

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27
Q

The expanding ethmoid plate unites anteriorly with the _____.

A

Olfactory Capsules

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28
Q

The expanding basal plate unites with the _____.

A

Otic Capsules

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29
Q

What is the midline between ethmoid plate and basal plate ?

A

Hypophyseal Fenestra

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30
Q

What is the cartilaginous roof above the brain (primitive condition) with one or two prominent fenestrae?

A

Tectum

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31
Q

What is the largest foramina of the neurocranium?

A

Foramen Magnum

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32
Q

The mesenchyme that gives rise to the neurocranium comes from at least two sources, _____ and _____.

A

Prechordal Cartilage and Parachordal Cartilage

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33
Q

The prechordal cartilage are formed from _____.

A

Neural Crest Ectoderm

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34
Q

What is the mesenchyme that forms the parachordal cartilages?

A

Sclerotome (Epimeric Mesoderm)

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35
Q

Where are the otic capsules are inextricably fused?

A

Posterolateral Walls of the Braincase

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36
Q

Where is the hypophysis (pituitary gland) cradled in?

A

Sella Turcica (beneath the brain)

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37
Q

What can be found in the Sella Turcica (beneath the brain)?

A

Hypophysis (pituitary gland)

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38
Q

What do you call the neurocranium that projects forward beyond the olfactory capsules?

A

Rostrum

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39
Q

What is the site of the immovable articulation between the occipital region of the chondrocranium and the first vertebra?

A

Occipital Condyle

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40
Q

On each side of the foramen magnum, an occipital condyle is the site of the immovable articulation between _____ and _____.

A

Occipital Region of the Chondrocranium and the First Vertebra

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41
Q

The endolymphatic fossa, exhibits two pairs of foramina, which house the _____ and _____.

A

Endolymphatic Ducts and Perilymphatic Ducts

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42
Q

What houses the endolymphatic ducts and perilymphatic ducts?

A

Endolymphatic Fossa

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43
Q

A well-developed, totally cartilaginous adult skull, devoid of dermal bones, is found only in _____.

A

Chondrichthyes

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44
Q

What are the four regional groups where endochondral ossification takes place?

A

Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Otic

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45
Q

One or more endochondral ossification centers ventral to the foramen magnum produce _____. How many?

A

Basioccipital Bone, 1

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46
Q

Centers in the lateral walls of the foramen magnum produce _____. How many?

A

Exoccipital Bones, 2

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47
Q

Above the foramen magnum _____ may develop. How many?

A

Supraoccipital, 1

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48
Q

The neurocranium of tetrapods articulates with the first vertebra via _____.

A

One or Two Occipital Condyles

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49
Q

The embryonic cartilaginous neurocranium underlying the midbrain and pituitary gland ossifies to form _____.

A

Basisphenoid Bone (anterior to the basioccipital)

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50
Q

In mammals, _____ ossifies anterior to the basisphenoid.

A

Presphenoid Bone

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51
Q

A bony platform consisting of the _____ and the _____ underlies the brain.

A

Basioccipital, Basisphenoid Bones

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52
Q

The sidewall in the sphenoid region above the basisphenoid is formed by an additional _____ in mammals.

A

Presphenoid Ossification

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53
Q

In archosaurs (crocodiles and dinosaurs), an independent _____ forms the lateral ossification of the sphenoid region.

A

Laterosphenoid Bone

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54
Q

A separate interorbital septum forms in archosaurs as the _____.

A

Orbitosphenoid Bone

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55
Q

o The _____, of at least some mammals, helps form the lateral walls, but is derived from the _____.

A

Alisphenoid Bone, Palatoquadrate Cartilage

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56
Q

Ethmoid region lies immediately anterior to the sphenoid, and includes _____ and _____.

A

Ethmoid Plate and Olfactory (nasal) capsules

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57
Q

Ossification centers in amniotes are chiefly _____.

A

Methesemoid Bones

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58
Q

In mammals, a _____ perforated by olfactory foramina that transmit bundles of olfactory nerve fibers from the olfactory epithelium to the brain.

A

Cribriform Plate

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59
Q

In mammals, a cribriform plate perforated by _____.

A

Olfactory Foramina

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60
Q

In anurans, _____ is the sole bone arising from the sphenoid and ethmoid regions

A

Sphenethmoid

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61
Q

In anurans, sphenethmoid is the sole bone arising from the _____ and _____ regions.

A

Sphenoid and Ethmoid

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62
Q

An _____ develops in the lateral walls of the nasal passageway of Sphenodon.

A

Ectethmoid

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63
Q

The cartilaginous otic capsule is surrounding the _____.

A

Membranous Labyrinth

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64
Q

What are the three bones that replace the cartilaginous otic capsule?

A

Prootic, Opisthotic, Epiotic

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65
Q

In frogs and most nonavian reptiles, the _____ fuse with the _____.

A

Opisthotics, Exoccipitals

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66
Q

In birds and mammals, the prootic, opisthotic, and epiotics all unite to form _____.

A

Periotic or Petrosal Bone

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67
Q

How many ossification centers have been described in the otic capsule of a human fetus?

A

Six

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68
Q

The _____ of the skull collectively constitute the dermatocranium.

A

Membrane Bones

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69
Q

The neurocranium is the endoskeleton or exoskeleton?

A

Endoskeleton

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70
Q

The dermal bones constitute the endoskeleton or exoskeleton?

A

Exoskeleton

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71
Q

In modern vertebrates from fish to humans membrane bones of the head ossify from _____.

A

Subdermal Mesenchyme

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72
Q

What are the four types of dermatocranium?

A

Roofing Bones, Marginal Bones, Dermal Bones of the Primary Palate, Opercular Bones

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73
Q

The dermal bones of placoderms are (homologous/ not homologous) to those of in bony fishes?

A

Not Homologous

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74
Q

What are bones that form above and alongside the brain and neurocranium?

A

Roofing Bones

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75
Q

What are dermal bones of the upper jaw?

A

Marginal Bones

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76
Q

Central roofing bones that consist of _____, _____, and _____.

A

Frontals, Parietals and Postparietals

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77
Q

Forming a ring around the orbit in the generalized skull were _____, _____, _____, and _____.

A

Lacrimal, Prefrontal, Postfrontal, Jugal

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78
Q

At the more posterior angle of the skull were _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.

A

Intertemporal, Supratemporal, Tabular, Squamosal, Quadratojugal

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79
Q

In bony vertebrates, the palatoquadrate becomes overlaid, or ensheathed, by tooth-bearing dermal bones, the _____ and _____.

A

Premaxillae and Maxillae

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80
Q

The operculum is a flap of tissue that arises as an outgrowth of the _____.

A

Hyoid Arch

81
Q

The _____ is a flap of tissue that arises as an outgrowth of the hyoid arch.

A

Operculum

82
Q

In bony fishes, the operculum is stiffened by _____.

A

Squamous Plates of Dermal Bone

83
Q

What are the four types of opercular bones?

A

Large Opercular, Smaller Preoperculars, Suboperculars, Interoperculars

84
Q

In some of the more basal bony fishes, _____ lie in the opercular membrane in the floor of the opercular chamber.

A

Gular Bones

85
Q

The neurocranium of _____ remains almost completely cartilaginous throughout life.

A

Chondrostei (sturgeons and spoonbill)

86
Q

Is the neurocranium of Polypterus is cartilaginous or well-ossified?

A

Well-ossified.

87
Q

_____ and _____ overlie the endochondral palatoquadrate bones of the first visceral arch.

A

Premaxillae and Maxillae

88
Q

Premaxillae and maxillae overlie the _____ of the first visceral arch.

A

Endochondral Palatoquadrate Bones

89
Q

_____ covers the site of articulation of the upper and lower jaws.

A

Preopecular Bone

90
Q

_____ have the largest number of bones in any modern vertebrate skull.

A

Teleosts

91
Q

The maxillae, premaxillae, dentary, articular, quadrate, and symplectic are associated with the _____ and _____.

A

Jaws and Hyoid Arch

92
Q

What are the five bones that are associated with the jaws and hyoid arch?

A

Maxillae, Premaxillae, Dentary, Articular, Quadrate, and Symplectic

93
Q

The posttemporal is the dorsalmost segment of the _____.

A

Pectoral Girdle

94
Q

The _____ is the dorsalmost segment of the pectoral girdle.

A

Posttemporal

95
Q

The neurocranium in most teleosts is fully ossified except for the _____.

A

Olfactory capsules

96
Q

In Teleosts, dermal bones (increased/decreased) in number and (increased/decreased) in size?

A

Increased, Decreased

97
Q

In Dipnoans and Actinopterygians neurocranium is largely cartilaginous/bony.

A

Cartilaginous

98
Q

In Amphibians, the neurocranium is (complete/incomplete) dorsally, and much of it remains cartilaginous except in _____.

A

Incomplete, Apodans

99
Q

What are the only replacement bones in anurans and urodeles?

A

Sphenethmoid, Two Prootics, Two Exoccipitals (each bearing a condyle)

100
Q

Abutting against the otic capsule in amphibians (and other tetrapods) is _____

A

Columella (stapes)

101
Q

What is the middle ear ossicle that conducts sound waves from an eardrum to the capsule?

A

Columella

102
Q

Where is the phylogenetic origin of the columella based?

A

Visceral Skeleton

103
Q

In anurans and few urodeles, _____ have evolved beneath the orbit/

A

Large Palatal Vacuities

104
Q

The evolution of large palatal vacuities in anurans and few urodeles reduced palatines to _____.

A

Transverse Splinters

105
Q

The evolution of large palatal vacuities in anurans and few urodeles reduced pterygoids to _____.

A

A Pair of Bipartite Bones

106
Q

In rhyncocephalians and many lizards, parietal foramen houses the _____.

A

Median Eye

107
Q

The fully ossified neurocranium of the adult alligator consists of _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.

A

2 Exoccipitals, Supraoccipital, Basioccipital, Laterosphenoids, Ethmoids, Several Otics (arise from separate ossification centers in the otic capsules)

108
Q

_____ have the most enigmatic skull.

A

Turtles

109
Q

What is a cavernous opening in the temporal region of some amniote skulls?

A

Temporal Fossae (temporal fenestra)

110
Q

The squamosal and jugal bones forms a/an ____ arch.

A

Infratemporal (Zygomatic)

111
Q

In humans, cheekbones are _____ arches.

A

Zygomatic

112
Q

In humans, ______ are zygomatic arches.

A

Cheekbones

113
Q

When two fossae are present, the skull is said to be _____.

A

Diapsid

114
Q

The lower arch of nonavian reptiles corresponds to the _____ of mammals.

A

Zygomatic Arch

115
Q

The upper arch or supratemporal—the arch between the two fossae—consists of parts of _____ and _____ bones.

A

Orbital and Squamosal

116
Q

Crocodilians and Sphenodon have _____ skulls.

A

Diapsid

117
Q

Modern lizards have lost part of the _____ arch/es.

A

Lower

118
Q

Snakes have lost _____ arch/es.

A

Both

119
Q

What is the movement of one section of a skull independent of others?

A

Cranial Kinesis

120
Q

Reduction or loss of the arches along with the acquisition of intracranial joints is facilitated by _____.

A

Cranial Kinesis

121
Q

_____ provide space and surfaces in functionally adaptive positions for accommodating the powerful adductor muscles needed to operate the lower jaws of amniotes.

A

Temporal Fossae

122
Q

_____ was confined to cramped quarters internal to the temporal region of the dermatocranium.

A

Adductor Mandibulae (chief levator muscle of the lower jaw)

123
Q

_____ enabled bony fishes and early tetrapods to seize food, bite off pieces, and close the mouth to prevent the return of food to the environment.

A

Adductor Mandibulae (chief levator muscle of the lower jaw)

124
Q

_____ provides space for an expanding amniote adductor muscle to shorten and thicken during contraction.

A

Adductor Mandibulae (chief levator muscle of the lower jaw)

125
Q

_____ assisted by other muscles of the mandibular and hyoid arches, make possible the complex side-to-side, forward-backward, and rotary chewing movements seen in herbivorous mammals.

A

Adductor Mandibulae (chief levator muscle of the lower jaw)

126
Q

_____ is a horizontal partition that partially or completely divides the primitive oral cavity into separate oral and nasal passageways.

A

Secondary Palate

127
Q

What displaces the internal nares (posterior choanae) caudad?

A

Secondary Palate

128
Q

In vertebrates with a secondary palate, the primary palatal components remain in the _____.

A

Roof of the Nasal Passageway

129
Q

No _____ bone is present in mammals.

A

Parasphenoid

130
Q

In crocodilians, medially directed, shelflike palatal processes of the premaxillae, maxillae, palatine and pterygoid bones meet in the midline to form a long bony _____.

A

Secondary Palate

131
Q

When the secondary palate is incomplete, the _____ is channeled in a fairly deep longitudinal groove, the palatal fissure, in the roof of the oral cavity.

A

Respiratory Airstream

132
Q

The borders of the palatal fissure are fleshy _____ , also seen in birds.

A

Palatal Folds

133
Q

In mammals, the secondary palate extends all the way to the _____.

A

Pharynx

134
Q

_____ can move two sides of the upper jaw independently.

A

Teleosts

135
Q

Cranial kinesis is correlated primarily with _____ and _____ .

A

Food-getting and Manipulation of food within the oral cavity

136
Q

The parasphenoid of the primary palate is (kinetic/not kinetic).

A

Not Kinetic

137
Q

The avian skull comprises two functional regions, _____ (at the rear) and _____ (at the front).

A

solid bony box (neurocranium and dermatocranium) and food procuring and handling area (elongated beak and palate)

138
Q

The neurocranium of birds is dorsally (complete/incomplete).

A

Incomplete

139
Q

The only cartilage in the bird’s skull is the.

A

Olfactory Capsule

140
Q

The preorbital fossa is separated from the orbit by the _____.

A

Lacrimal Bone

141
Q

The _____ is separated from the orbit by the lacrimal bone.

A

Preorbital Fossa

142
Q

The _____ consisting of a primitive complement of jugal and quadratojugal bones is intact but very slender.

A

Infratemporal Arch

143
Q

The kinetic palate resembles that of squamates except that the _____ have been lost.

A

Ectopterygoids

144
Q

When a bird with a kinetic palate opens its mouth by lowering the lower jaw the _____ is pushed (forward/backward)

A

Quadrate bone, Forward.

145
Q

The _____ is immobile, being fused to the basisphenoid.

A

Parasphenoid

146
Q

The parasphenoid is immobile, being fused to the _____.

A

Basisphenoid

147
Q

Birds such as woodpeckers that subject the beak to rough usage usually have (minimal/maximal) kinetism.

A

Minimal

148
Q

One of the distinguishing characteristics of mammals is the emergence of the _____ as the sole bone of the lower jaw.

A

dentary

149
Q

One of the distinguishing characteristics of mammals is an altered site of articulation of the _____ with _____.

A

lower jaw with the brain case

150
Q

Mammals differ from reptiles in their modifications in the _____ of the _____.

A

Temporal Region, Dermatocranium

151
Q

The neurocranium is (complete/incomplete) (dorsally/ventrally)

A

incomplete, Dorsally

152
Q

The neurocranium is (complete/incomplete) (dorsally/ventrally)

A

Incomplete, Dorsally

153
Q

_____ bones may ossify in the frontal fontanel of some species.

A

Bregmatic

154
Q

Paracelsus called this bregmatic bone in the human skill as the _____.

A

“Antiepileptic Bone”

155
Q

What are the four ossification centers in the neurocranium?

A

Sphenoid, Occipital, Ethmoid, Otic

156
Q

The _____, _____, and _____ bones form a floor on which the brain rests.

A

Basioccipital, Basisphenoid, and Presphenoid

157
Q

_____, _____, and lateral extensions of the _____ form the partial side walls.

A

Exoccipitals, Alisphenoids, Presphenoids

158
Q

House the olfactory epithelium and underlie the olfactory bulbs of the brain.

A

Ethmoid Cartilages and Bones

159
Q

What do you call the nasal septum?

A

Mesethmoid

160
Q

Ossification centers in the otic capsules unite solidly to form _____.

A

Petrosal (periotic) Bones

161
Q

The postparietal is sometimes called the _____.

A

Inca Bone

162
Q

Premaxillae are not identifiable in adult human skulls because _____ early in embryonic life.

A

they unite with the Maxillae

163
Q

The zygomatic arch varies from massive to slender, depending on the magnitude of the force exerted on it by the _____.

A

Masseter Muscle

164
Q

A tympanic bulla consists of two parts, _____ and _____.

A

Tympanic (annulus tympanicus), Entotympanic

165
Q

The petrous portion (fused prootic, opisthotic and epiotics) is the ossified _____.

A

Otic Capsule

166
Q

Tympanic and petrous portions are separate bones in some mammals, they frequently unite to form _____.

A

Petrotympanic Bone

167
Q

The petrotympanic may unite with the squamosal to form _____.

A

Temporal Bone

168
Q

A dorsal segment of the _____ skeleton coalesces in some species with the _____ to become a styloid process

A

Hyoid Arch, Temporal Bone

169
Q

A dorsal segment of the hyoid arch skeleton coalesces in some species with the temporal bone to become a _____.

A

Styloid Process

170
Q

The _____ has become a new site of articulation of the lower jaw with the skull in mammals.

A

Squamosal Bone

171
Q

The shift from the quadrate-articular joint of other vertebrates is correlated with the expansion of the _____ during mammalian evolution.

A

dentary bone

172
Q

The shift from the quadrate-articular joint of other vertebrates is correlated with the expansion of the _____ during mammalian evolution.

A

Dentary Bone

173
Q

The _____ of sheep and goats often extend into horns.

A

Frontal Sinuses

174
Q

The inherited primary palate, _____ lies at the base of the nasal septum.

A

An Unpaired Vomer

175
Q

The nasal septum consists of a _____ and more or less cartilage.

A

Mesethmoid Bone

176
Q

A nasal process of the _____ develops in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx

A

Palatine

177
Q

_____ process of the palatine contributes to the secondary palate.

A

Palatal

178
Q

The pterygoids are reduced to small winglike _____ of the sphenoid complex.

A

Pterygoid Processes

179
Q

The pterygoids are reduced to small winglike pterygoid processes of the _____.

A

Sphenoid Complex

180
Q

What is the derivative of the adductor mandibulae of the other vertebrates?

A

Pterygoids

181
Q

Mammals have three pairs of scroll-like turbinal bones _____ in the medial walls of the nasal passage.

A

Nasal Conchae

182
Q

The middle and superior conchae are appendages of the _____.

A

Ethmoid Bone

183
Q

The two lower conchae are connected with the _____, the venous plexuses of which warm the air en route to the lungs (inferior and middle: maxilloturbinals and nasoturbinals)

A

Nasal Epithelium

184
Q

The superior conchae is covered with _____.

A

Olfactory Epithelium (ethmoturbinals)

185
Q

How many pairs of turbinals do birds have?

A

Two

186
Q

How many pairs of turbinals do most reptiles, other than turtles have?

A

One

187
Q

Unique in mammals is the presence of the _____ of the palatoquadrate and Meckel’s cartilages in the _____.

A

Ossified Posterior Tips, Middle Ear Cavity

188
Q

_____ have retained more of the primitive elements than any other modern tetrapods.

A

Modern Reptiles

189
Q

The angular and splenial bones of the amphibian’s lower jaw is sometimes incorporated into an _____.

A

Angulosplenial

190
Q

The dentary incorporates_____ of endochondral origin in some teleosts.

A

Mentomeckelian

191
Q

Postfrontals and supratemporals sometimes unite with replacement bones of the otic capsule to form _____ and _____.

A

Sphenotic and Pterotic Bones

192
Q

_____ and _____ sometimes unite with replacement bones of the otic capsule to form sphenotic and pterotic bones.

A

Postfrontals and Supratemporals

193
Q

The _____ unites with _____ and other elements to contribute to a temporal bone.

A

Squamosal, Otic

194
Q

The squamosal unites with otic and other elements to contribute to _____.

A

Temporal Bone

195
Q

The mammalian interparietal, a membrane bone, may unite with the _____.

A

Supraoccipital

196
Q

The mammalian _____, a membrane bone, may unit with the supraoccipital.

A

Interparietal

197
Q

The visceral skeleton or splanchnocranium is the skeleton that develops within the _____.

A

Pharyngeal Arches

198
Q

The _____ or _____ is the skeleton that develops within the pharyngeal arches.

A

Visceral Skeleton or Splanchnocranium

199
Q

In fishes, the visceral skeleton is the skeleton of the _____ and _____.

A

Jaws and Gill Arches

Biology 102 (3 decks)

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