Chapter 9: Skull and Visceral Skeleton Flashcards
1
Q
What is the primary braincase (embryonic cartilaginous braincase)?
A
Neurocranium
2
Q
What is the ancient dermal armor in vertebrates?
A
Dermatocranium
3
Q
What is the contributions from the branchial skeleton?
A
Visceral Skeleton (Splanchnocranium)
4
Q
Where were the neurocranium and splanchnocranium of early craniates formed?
A
Cartilage
5
Q
What type of bone were added to the integument surrounding the skull and jaws?
A
Membrane Bones
6
Q
What are the parts of the cranial skeleton of craniates that can be found in the skull?
A
Neurocranium and Dermatocranium
7
Q
What are the parts of the cranial skeleton of craniates that can be found in the visceral skeleton?
A
Embryonic Upper Jaw cartilage (Palatoquadrate) and its replacement bones
Embryonic Lower Jaw Cartilage (Meckel’s Cartilage) and its replacement bones
8
Q
What do you call the embryonic upper jaw cartilage?
A
Palatoquadrate
9
Q
What do you call the embryonic lower jaw cartilage?
A
Meckel’s Cartilage
10
Q
The upper jaw is visceral skeleton being part of or derived from what?
A
First Visceral Arch
11
Q
The neurocranium is sometimes called _____, ______, or ______.
A
Endocranium, Chondrocranium, or Primary Braincase
12
Q
What cartilage is parallel the anterior end of the notochord beneath the midbrain and the hindbrain?
A
Parachordal Cartilages
13
Q
What cartilage develops anterior to the notochord underneath the forebrain?
A
Prechordal Cartilages (Trabeculae Cranii)
14
Q
The notochord and parachordal cartilages are incorporated to form the _____.
A
Basal Plate
15
Q
The prechordal cartilages expand and unite across the midline at their anterior ends to form the _____.
A
Ethmoid Plate
16
Q
When parachordal and prechordal cartilages are forming, cartilage also appears in two other locations, _____ and _____.
A
Olfactory (Nasal) Capsule and Otic Capsule
17
Q
The olfactory (nasal) capsule partially or completely surrounds the olfactory epithelium?
A
Partially
18
Q
The otic capsule partially or completely surrounds the otocyst, which is the developing inner ear?
A
Completely
19
Q
What does the olfactory (nasal) capsule partially surround?
A
Olfactory Epithelium
20
Q
What does the otic capsule completely surround?
A
Otocyst
21
Q
What does the otocyst develop into?
A
Inner Ear
22
Q
The walls of the olfactory and otic capsules are perforated with foramina that transmit _____ and _____.
A
Nerves and Vascular Channels (blood vessels)
23
Q
The optic capsule forms around the _____.
A
Retina
24
Q
What is the sclerotic coat of the eyeball?
A
Optic Capsule
25
Does the optic capsule fuse with the rest of the neurocranium? Why or why not?
No so that the eye ball can be movable.
26
Is the sclerotic coat considered part of the neurocranium?
No
27
The expanding ethmoid plate unites anteriorly with the _____.
Olfactory Capsules
28
The expanding basal plate unites with the _____.
Otic Capsules
29
What is the midline between ethmoid plate and basal plate ?
Hypophyseal Fenestra
30
What is the cartilaginous roof above the brain (primitive condition) with one or two prominent fenestrae?
Tectum
31
What is the largest foramina of the neurocranium?
Foramen Magnum
32
The mesenchyme that gives rise to the neurocranium comes from at least two sources, _____ and _____.
Prechordal Cartilage and Parachordal Cartilage
33
The prechordal cartilage are formed from _____.
Neural Crest Ectoderm
34
What is the mesenchyme that forms the parachordal cartilages?
Sclerotome (Epimeric Mesoderm)
35
Where are the otic capsules are inextricably fused?
Posterolateral Walls of the Braincase
36
Where is the hypophysis (pituitary gland) cradled in?
Sella Turcica (beneath the brain)
37
What can be found in the Sella Turcica (beneath the brain)?
Hypophysis (pituitary gland)
38
What do you call the neurocranium that projects forward beyond the olfactory capsules?
Rostrum
39
What is the site of the immovable articulation between the occipital region of the chondrocranium and the first vertebra?
Occipital Condyle
40
On each side of the foramen magnum, an occipital condyle is the site of the immovable articulation between _____ and _____.
Occipital Region of the Chondrocranium and the First Vertebra
41
The endolymphatic fossa, exhibits two pairs of foramina, which house the _____ and _____.
Endolymphatic Ducts and Perilymphatic Ducts
42
What houses the endolymphatic ducts and perilymphatic ducts?
Endolymphatic Fossa
43
A well-developed, totally cartilaginous adult skull, devoid of dermal bones, is found only in _____.
Chondrichthyes
44
What are the four regional groups where endochondral ossification takes place?
Occipital, Sphenoid, Ethmoid, Otic
45
One or more endochondral ossification centers ventral to the foramen magnum produce _____. How many?
Basioccipital Bone, 1
46
Centers in the lateral walls of the foramen magnum produce _____. How many?
Exoccipital Bones, 2
47
Above the foramen magnum _____ may develop. How many?
Supraoccipital, 1
48
The neurocranium of tetrapods articulates with the first vertebra via _____.
One or Two Occipital Condyles
49
The embryonic cartilaginous neurocranium underlying the midbrain and pituitary gland ossifies to form _____.
Basisphenoid Bone (anterior to the basioccipital)
50
In mammals, _____ ossifies anterior to the basisphenoid.
Presphenoid Bone
51
A bony platform consisting of the _____ and the _____ underlies the brain.
Basioccipital, Basisphenoid Bones
52
The sidewall in the sphenoid region above the basisphenoid is formed by an additional _____ in mammals.
Presphenoid Ossification
53
In archosaurs (crocodiles and dinosaurs), an independent _____ forms the lateral ossification of the sphenoid region.
Laterosphenoid Bone
54
A separate interorbital septum forms in archosaurs as the _____.
Orbitosphenoid Bone
55
o The _____, of at least some mammals, helps form the lateral walls, but is derived from the _____.
Alisphenoid Bone, Palatoquadrate Cartilage
56
Ethmoid region lies immediately anterior to the sphenoid, and includes _____ and _____.
Ethmoid Plate and Olfactory (nasal) capsules
57
Ossification centers in amniotes are chiefly _____.
Methesemoid Bones
58
In mammals, a _____ perforated by olfactory foramina that transmit bundles of olfactory nerve fibers from the olfactory epithelium to the brain.
Cribriform Plate
59
In mammals, a cribriform plate perforated by _____.
Olfactory Foramina
60
In anurans, _____ is the sole bone arising from the sphenoid and ethmoid regions
Sphenethmoid
61
In anurans, sphenethmoid is the sole bone arising from the _____ and _____ regions.
Sphenoid and Ethmoid
62
An _____ develops in the lateral walls of the nasal passageway of Sphenodon.
Ectethmoid
63
The cartilaginous otic capsule is surrounding the _____.
Membranous Labyrinth
64
What are the three bones that replace the cartilaginous otic capsule?
Prootic, Opisthotic, Epiotic
65
In frogs and most nonavian reptiles, the _____ fuse with the _____.
Opisthotics, Exoccipitals
66
In birds and mammals, the prootic, opisthotic, and epiotics all unite to form _____.
Periotic or Petrosal Bone
67
How many ossification centers have been described in the otic capsule of a human fetus?
Six
68
The _____ of the skull collectively constitute the dermatocranium.
Membrane Bones
69
The neurocranium is the endoskeleton or exoskeleton?
Endoskeleton
70
The dermal bones constitute the endoskeleton or exoskeleton?
Exoskeleton
71
In modern vertebrates from fish to humans membrane bones of the head ossify from _____.
Subdermal Mesenchyme
72
What are the four types of dermatocranium?
Roofing Bones, Marginal Bones, Dermal Bones of the Primary Palate, Opercular Bones
73
The dermal bones of placoderms are (homologous/ not homologous) to those of in bony fishes?
Not Homologous
74
What are bones that form above and alongside the brain and neurocranium?
Roofing Bones
75
What are dermal bones of the upper jaw?
Marginal Bones
76
Central roofing bones that consist of _____, _____, and _____.
Frontals, Parietals and Postparietals
77
Forming a ring around the orbit in the generalized skull were _____, _____, _____, and _____.
Lacrimal, Prefrontal, Postfrontal, Jugal
78
At the more posterior angle of the skull were _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.
Intertemporal, Supratemporal, Tabular, Squamosal, Quadratojugal
79
In bony vertebrates, the palatoquadrate becomes overlaid, or ensheathed, by tooth-bearing dermal bones, the _____ and _____.
Premaxillae and Maxillae
80
The operculum is a flap of tissue that arises as an outgrowth of the _____.
Hyoid Arch
81
The _____ is a flap of tissue that arises as an outgrowth of the hyoid arch.
Operculum
82
In bony fishes, the operculum is stiffened by _____.
Squamous Plates of Dermal Bone
83
What are the four types of opercular bones?
Large Opercular, Smaller Preoperculars, Suboperculars, Interoperculars
84
In some of the more basal bony fishes, _____ lie in the opercular membrane in the floor of the opercular chamber.
Gular Bones
85
The neurocranium of _____ remains almost completely cartilaginous throughout life.
Chondrostei (sturgeons and spoonbill)
86
Is the neurocranium of Polypterus is cartilaginous or well-ossified?
Well-ossified.
87
_____ and _____ overlie the endochondral palatoquadrate bones of the first visceral arch.
Premaxillae and Maxillae
88
Premaxillae and maxillae overlie the _____ of the first visceral arch.
Endochondral Palatoquadrate Bones
89
_____ covers the site of articulation of the upper and lower jaws.
Preopecular Bone
90
_____ have the largest number of bones in any modern vertebrate skull.
Teleosts
91
The maxillae, premaxillae, dentary, articular, quadrate, and symplectic are associated with the _____ and _____.
Jaws and Hyoid Arch
92
What are the five bones that are associated with the jaws and hyoid arch?
Maxillae, Premaxillae, Dentary, Articular, Quadrate, and Symplectic
93
The posttemporal is the dorsalmost segment of the _____.
Pectoral Girdle
94
The _____ is the dorsalmost segment of the pectoral girdle.
Posttemporal
95
The neurocranium in most teleosts is fully ossified except for the _____.
Olfactory capsules
96
In Teleosts, dermal bones (increased/decreased) in number and (increased/decreased) in size?
Increased, Decreased
97
In Dipnoans and Actinopterygians neurocranium is largely cartilaginous/bony.
Cartilaginous
98
In Amphibians, the neurocranium is (complete/incomplete) dorsally, and much of it remains cartilaginous except in _____.
Incomplete, Apodans
99
What are the only replacement bones in anurans and urodeles?
Sphenethmoid, Two Prootics, Two Exoccipitals (each bearing a condyle)
100
Abutting against the otic capsule in amphibians (and other tetrapods) is _____
Columella (stapes)
101
What is the middle ear ossicle that conducts sound waves from an eardrum to the capsule?
Columella
102
Where is the phylogenetic origin of the columella based?
Visceral Skeleton
103
In anurans and few urodeles, _____ have evolved beneath the orbit/
Large Palatal Vacuities
104
The evolution of large palatal vacuities in anurans and few urodeles reduced palatines to _____.
Transverse Splinters
105
The evolution of large palatal vacuities in anurans and few urodeles reduced pterygoids to _____.
A Pair of Bipartite Bones
106
In rhyncocephalians and many lizards, parietal foramen houses the _____.
Median Eye
107
The fully ossified neurocranium of the adult alligator consists of _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____.
2 Exoccipitals, Supraoccipital, Basioccipital, Laterosphenoids, Ethmoids, Several Otics (arise from separate ossification centers in the otic capsules)
108
_____ have the most enigmatic skull.
Turtles
109
What is a cavernous opening in the temporal region of some amniote skulls?
Temporal Fossae (temporal fenestra)
110
The squamosal and jugal bones forms a/an ____ arch.
Infratemporal (Zygomatic)
111
In humans, cheekbones are _____ arches.
Zygomatic
112
In humans, ______ are zygomatic arches.
Cheekbones
113
When two fossae are present, the skull is said to be _____.
Diapsid
114
The lower arch of nonavian reptiles corresponds to the _____ of mammals.
Zygomatic Arch
115
The upper arch or supratemporal—the arch between the two fossae—consists of parts of _____ and _____ bones.
Orbital and Squamosal
116
Crocodilians and Sphenodon have _____ skulls.
Diapsid
117
Modern lizards have lost part of the _____ arch/es.
Lower
118
Snakes have lost _____ arch/es.
Both
119
What is the movement of one section of a skull independent of others?
Cranial Kinesis
120
Reduction or loss of the arches along with the acquisition of intracranial joints is facilitated by _____.
Cranial Kinesis
121
_____ provide space and surfaces in functionally adaptive positions for accommodating the powerful adductor muscles needed to operate the lower jaws of amniotes.
Temporal Fossae
122
_____ was confined to cramped quarters internal to the temporal region of the dermatocranium.
Adductor Mandibulae (chief levator muscle of the lower jaw)
123
_____ enabled bony fishes and early tetrapods to seize food, bite off pieces, and close the mouth to prevent the return of food to the environment.
Adductor Mandibulae (chief levator muscle of the lower jaw)
124
_____ provides space for an expanding amniote adductor muscle to shorten and thicken during contraction.
Adductor Mandibulae (chief levator muscle of the lower jaw)
125
_____ assisted by other muscles of the mandibular and hyoid arches, make possible the complex side-to-side, forward-backward, and rotary chewing movements seen in herbivorous mammals.
Adductor Mandibulae (chief levator muscle of the lower jaw)
126
_____ is a horizontal partition that partially or completely divides the primitive oral cavity into separate oral and nasal passageways.
Secondary Palate
127
What displaces the internal nares (posterior choanae) caudad?
Secondary Palate
128
In vertebrates with a secondary palate, the primary palatal components remain in the _____.
Roof of the Nasal Passageway
129
No _____ bone is present in mammals.
Parasphenoid
130
In crocodilians, medially directed, shelflike palatal processes of the premaxillae, maxillae, palatine and pterygoid bones meet in the midline to form a long bony _____.
Secondary Palate
131
When the secondary palate is incomplete, the _____ is channeled in a fairly deep longitudinal groove, the palatal fissure, in the roof of the oral cavity.
Respiratory Airstream
132
The borders of the palatal fissure are fleshy _____ , also seen in birds.
Palatal Folds
133
In mammals, the secondary palate extends all the way to the _____.
Pharynx
134
_____ can move two sides of the upper jaw independently.
Teleosts
135
Cranial kinesis is correlated primarily with _____ and _____ .
Food-getting and Manipulation of food within the oral cavity
136
The parasphenoid of the primary palate is (kinetic/not kinetic).
Not Kinetic
137
The avian skull comprises two functional regions, _____ (at the rear) and _____ (at the front).
solid bony box (neurocranium and dermatocranium) and food procuring and handling area (elongated beak and palate)
138
The neurocranium of birds is dorsally (complete/incomplete).
Incomplete
139
The only cartilage in the bird's skull is the.
Olfactory Capsule
140
The preorbital fossa is separated from the orbit by the _____.
Lacrimal Bone
141
The _____ is separated from the orbit by the lacrimal bone.
Preorbital Fossa
142
The _____ consisting of a primitive complement of jugal and quadratojugal bones is intact but very slender.
Infratemporal Arch
143
The kinetic palate resembles that of squamates except that the _____ have been lost.
Ectopterygoids
144
When a bird with a kinetic palate opens its mouth by lowering the lower jaw the _____ is pushed (forward/backward)
Quadrate bone, Forward.
145
The _____ is immobile, being fused to the basisphenoid.
Parasphenoid
146
The parasphenoid is immobile, being fused to the _____.
Basisphenoid
147
Birds such as woodpeckers that subject the beak to rough usage usually have (minimal/maximal) kinetism.
Minimal
148
One of the distinguishing characteristics of mammals is the emergence of the _____ as the sole bone of the lower jaw.
dentary
149
One of the distinguishing characteristics of mammals is an altered site of articulation of the _____ with _____.
lower jaw with the brain case
150
Mammals differ from reptiles in their modifications in the _____ of the _____.
Temporal Region, Dermatocranium
151
The neurocranium is (complete/incomplete) (dorsally/ventrally)
incomplete, Dorsally
152
The neurocranium is (complete/incomplete) (dorsally/ventrally)
Incomplete, Dorsally
153
_____ bones may ossify in the frontal fontanel of some species.
Bregmatic
154
Paracelsus called this bregmatic bone in the human skill as the _____.
“Antiepileptic Bone"
155
What are the four ossification centers in the neurocranium?
Sphenoid, Occipital, Ethmoid, Otic
156
The _____, _____, and _____ bones form a floor on which the brain rests.
Basioccipital, Basisphenoid, and Presphenoid
157
_____, _____, and lateral extensions of the _____ form the partial side walls.
Exoccipitals, Alisphenoids, Presphenoids
158
House the olfactory epithelium and underlie the olfactory bulbs of the brain.
Ethmoid Cartilages and Bones
159
What do you call the nasal septum?
Mesethmoid
160
Ossification centers in the otic capsules unite solidly to form _____.
Petrosal (periotic) Bones
161
The postparietal is sometimes called the _____.
Inca Bone
162
Premaxillae are not identifiable in adult human skulls because _____ early in embryonic life.
they unite with the Maxillae
163
The zygomatic arch varies from massive to slender, depending on the magnitude of the force exerted on it by the _____.
Masseter Muscle
164
A tympanic bulla consists of two parts, _____ and _____.
Tympanic (annulus tympanicus), Entotympanic
165
The petrous portion (fused prootic, opisthotic and epiotics) is the ossified _____.
Otic Capsule
166
Tympanic and petrous portions are separate bones in some mammals, they frequently unite to form _____.
Petrotympanic Bone
167
The petrotympanic may unite with the squamosal to form _____.
Temporal Bone
168
A dorsal segment of the _____ skeleton coalesces in some species with the _____ to become a styloid process
Hyoid Arch, Temporal Bone
169
A dorsal segment of the hyoid arch skeleton coalesces in some species with the temporal bone to become a _____.
Styloid Process
170
The _____ has become a new site of articulation of the lower jaw with the skull in mammals.
Squamosal Bone
171
The shift from the quadrate-articular joint of other vertebrates is correlated with the expansion of the _____ during mammalian evolution.
dentary bone
172
The shift from the quadrate-articular joint of other vertebrates is correlated with the expansion of the _____ during mammalian evolution.
Dentary Bone
173
The _____ of sheep and goats often extend into horns.
Frontal Sinuses
174
The inherited primary palate, _____ lies at the base of the nasal septum.
An Unpaired Vomer
175
The nasal septum consists of a _____ and more or less cartilage.
Mesethmoid Bone
176
A nasal process of the _____ develops in the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
Palatine
177
_____ process of the palatine contributes to the secondary palate.
Palatal
178
The pterygoids are reduced to small winglike _____ of the sphenoid complex.
Pterygoid Processes
179
The pterygoids are reduced to small winglike pterygoid processes of the _____.
Sphenoid Complex
180
What is the derivative of the adductor mandibulae of the other vertebrates?
Pterygoids
181
Mammals have three pairs of scroll-like turbinal bones _____ in the medial walls of the nasal passage.
Nasal Conchae
182
The middle and superior conchae are appendages of the _____.
Ethmoid Bone
183
The two lower conchae are connected with the _____, the venous plexuses of which warm the air en route to the lungs (inferior and middle: maxilloturbinals and nasoturbinals)
Nasal Epithelium
184
The superior conchae is covered with _____.
Olfactory Epithelium (ethmoturbinals)
185
How many pairs of turbinals do birds have?
Two
186
How many pairs of turbinals do most reptiles, other than turtles have?
One
187
Unique in mammals is the presence of the _____ of the palatoquadrate and Meckel’s cartilages in the _____.
Ossified Posterior Tips, Middle Ear Cavity
188
_____ have retained more of the primitive elements than any other modern tetrapods.
Modern Reptiles
189
The angular and splenial bones of the amphibian’s lower jaw is sometimes incorporated into an _____.
Angulosplenial
190
The dentary incorporates_____ of endochondral origin in some teleosts.
Mentomeckelian
191
Postfrontals and supratemporals sometimes unite with replacement bones of the otic capsule to form _____ and _____.
Sphenotic and Pterotic Bones
192
_____ and _____ sometimes unite with replacement bones of the otic capsule to form sphenotic and pterotic bones.
Postfrontals and Supratemporals
193
The _____ unites with _____ and other elements to contribute to a temporal bone.
Squamosal, Otic
194
The squamosal unites with otic and other elements to contribute to _____.
Temporal Bone
195
The mammalian interparietal, a membrane bone, may unite with the _____.
Supraoccipital
196
The mammalian _____, a membrane bone, may unit with the supraoccipital.
Interparietal
197
The visceral skeleton or splanchnocranium is the skeleton that develops within the _____.
Pharyngeal Arches
198
The _____ or _____ is the skeleton that develops within the pharyngeal arches.
Visceral Skeleton or Splanchnocranium
199
In fishes, the visceral skeleton is the skeleton of the _____ and _____.
Jaws and Gill Arches
