Chapter 9 Schizophrenia Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Schizophrenia creates Major disturbances in what?

A

thought, emotion, and behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Disordered thinking is characterized as..?

A

Ideas not logically related

 Faulty perception and attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Emotions are displayed as?

A

Inappropriate or flat emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

describe how movement or behavior are affected?

A

Disheveled appearance, erratic body movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Schizophrenia dramatically increases the rates of what?

A

Suicide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Does schizophrenia affect men or women more?

A

Men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Life time prevalence is?

A

1% of the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When is the onset of Schizophrenia typically

A

late adolescence or early adulthood

men slightly earlier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In what area is schizophrenia Diagnosed more frequently?

A

different ethnicity’s

 May reflect diagnostic bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many symptoms should be present and for how long must they last before the diagnosis can be made?

A

Two or more of the following symptoms for at least 1 month; one symptom should be
either Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

One symptom must be either?

A

(1) delusions
 (2) hallucinations
 (3) disorganized speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name all symtoms

A

(1) delusions
 (2) hallucinations
 (3) disorganized speech
 (4) disorganized (catatonic) behavior
 (5) negative symptoms (diminished motivation or emotional expression)
6) positive symptoms (hallucin and delusion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Positive symptoms are defined as?

A

excesses (increases movement, talking)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Negative symptoms are defined as?

A

deficits (lacking emotional expression is a deficit, the lack it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prodromal phase means

A

early signs and symptoms, it’s the time span leading up to the first obvious psychotic episode. when the first change in a person occurs until he or she develops full-blown psychosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Active phase means?

A

The active phase, also called the acute phase, is characterized by hallucinations, paranoid delusions, and extremely disorganized speech and behaviors. During this stage, patients appear obviously psychotic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the three phases of schizophrenia?

A

prodromal, acute or active, and residual.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Acute or active means?

A

is what people can see in a person…hallucinations, paranoid delusions, and extremely disorganized speech and behaviors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Identifying prodromal period: if recognized and treated early on, the person may

A

may not always continue on to develop full-blown schizophrenia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The residual stage of schizophrenia resembles?

A

Obvious psychosis has subsided, but the patient may exhibit negative symptoms of schizophrenia, such as social withdrawal, a lack of emotion,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some negative symptoms?

A

social withdrawal, a lack of emotion, and uncharacteristically low energy levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Three major clusters of symptoms are?

A

Positive
 Negative
 Disorganized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Positive Symptoms are?

A

Hallucinations (sensory disorder, hearing things) and delusions (thought disorder)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Negative symptoms are?

A

Avolition….Alogia..Anhedonia…blunted affect…asociality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Avolition means?

A

lack of motivation or ability to do tasks or activities that have an end goal,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Alogia means?

A

Reduction in speech

inability to speak because of mental defect, mental confusion, or aphasia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Anhedonia means?

A

inability to feel pleasure. Consummatory pleasure

 Anticipatory pleasure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

blunted affect means?

A

difficulty in expressing their emotions [1], characterized by diminished facial expression, expressive gestures and vocal expressions in reaction to emotion provoking stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

asociality means?

A

Inability to form close personal

relationships. lack of desire to form relationships, social withdrawal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Disorganised symptoms are?

A

disorganized speech and behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

(Positive)  Delusions are displayed as?

A

Firmly held beliefs
 Contrary to reality
 Resistant to disconfirming
evidence

32
Q

(Positive) Hallucinations are displayed as

A

Sensory experiences in the

absence of sensory stimulation

33
Q

65% of schizophrenics have what time of delusions (thoughts)?

A

thoughts of persecution

34
Q

74% have what types of hallucinations (sensory)

A

Auditory (hearing voices)

35
Q

when hearing voices (hallucinating) what area of the brain has increased activity?

A

Increased levels of activity in Broca’s

area during hallucinations

36
Q

Disorganized behavior shows itself as?

A

Silliness, agitation, unusual dress

 e.g., wearing several heavy coats in hot weather

37
Q

with Disorganized speech, Loose associations (derailment) shows itself as what behaviour?

A

Rambles, difficulty sticking to one topic

38
Q

with Disorganized speech, Incoherence shows up as?

A

 Inability to organize ideas

39
Q

what are the three Movement Symptoms?

A

-Catatonia, Repetitive, complex gestures
 Usually of the fingers or hands
 Excitable, wild flailing of limbs
-Catatonic immobility, Maintain unusual posture for long periods of time
 e.g., stand on one leg,
-Waxy flexibility, Limbs can be manipulated and posed by another person

40
Q

what are the symptoms for Schizophreniform Disorder

A

Same symptoms as schizophrenia

41
Q

what is the time frame for Schizophreniform Disorder diagnosis? how long or short have the symptoms been present

A

Symptom duration greater than 1 month but less than 6 months

42
Q

Schizophreniform Disorder symptoms MUST include at least one of what three things?

A

either hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech

43
Q

Brief Psychotic Disorder symptom time frame is? (symptom duration)

A

Symptom duration of 1 day to 1 month

44
Q

Brief Psychotic Disorder is often triggered by

A

extreme stress, such as bereavement

45
Q

Brief Psychotic Disorder must include either?

A

either hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech

46
Q

Schizoaffective Disorder diagnostic symptoms are what?
schizo = schizophrenia
affective = mood

A

both schizophrenia and either a depressive or manic episode

47
Q

the mood disorder must be present for how long in Schizoaffective Disorder?

A

major mood episode are present for a majority of the duration the illness

48
Q

Delusional disorder (thoughts) may include what symptoms?

A
Persecution
 Jealousy
 Being followed
 Erotomania (Loved by a famous person)
 Somatic delusions (thinking that your body is diseased in some way)
but no other symptoms of schizophrenia
49
Q

what is Erotomania?

A

Loved by a famous person

50
Q

what are Somatic delusions?

A

thinking that your body is diseased in some way, missing an imaginary limb, your arms not really yours, body is infested with maggots

51
Q

what disorder may include somatic delusions and/ or erotomania?

A

delusion (thoughts) disorder

52
Q

what disorder must have both schizophrenia and either a depressive or manic episode?

A

Schizoaffective Disorder
Schizo = schizophrenia
affective = mood

53
Q

If symptoms of schizopheniform last longer than six months the diagnosis is changed to?

A

schizophrenia or, in some cases, bipolar or schizoaffective disorder.

54
Q

incidence of schizophrenia occur mostly with people who’s parents had?

A

both parents with schizophrenia 27.3%

if one parent has bipolar 15.6%

55
Q

Etiology: what does Genetically heterogeneous

mean?

A

Not likely that disorder caused by single gene

56
Q

Etiology: family studies show that?

A

Relatives at increased risk

 Negative symptoms have stronger genetic component

57
Q

Etiology: Twin studies showed that MZ twins were at a?

A

44% higher risk for MZ twins vs. 12% risk for DZ twins

for developing schizophrenia

58
Q

Etiology: Twins- Children of non-schizophrenic MZ twin were?

A

more likely to develop

schizophrenia (9.4% vs. 1% in general population)

59
Q

Etiology: what are the two genes associated with schizophrenia

A

DTNGP1

and NGR1

60
Q

Etiology: what are the two genes associated with cognitive deficits

A

COMT

and BDNF

61
Q

Neurotransmitters: what is the Dopamine Theory?

A

Disorder due to excess levels of dopamine, Excess numbers of dopamine receptors or oversensitive
dopamine receptors

62
Q

Neurotransmitters: what drug can induce psychosis?

A

Amphetamines because it reduces dopamine activity

63
Q

Neurotransmitter: what neurotransmitter alleviate symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

drugs that reduce dopamine

64
Q

To be effective, antipsychotics must?

A

reduce dopamine

activity to below normal levels

65
Q

Other neurotransmitters involved are?

A

Serotonin
 GABA
 Glutamate

66
Q

In brain structure scans that show Enlarged ventricles indicate?

A
Implies loss of brain cells
 Correlate with
 Poor performance on cognitive tests
 Poor premorbid adjustment
 Poor response to treatment
67
Q

Brain structure: Structural and functional abnormalities have been found in these regions

A
Temporal Cortex, 
Temporal gyrus
 Hippocampus
 Amygdala
 Anterior cingulate
68
Q

Brain structure: Reduced _______ and ____ evident

A

Grey matter and volumn

69
Q

Environmental Factors: what are the environmental factors that may cause schizophrenia?

A

Damage during gestation or birth (lack of oxygen at birth)

or Viral damage to fetal brain from toxins, parasite or higher rates in mothers who had the flu during pregnancy

70
Q

What axis system triggers cortisol and increases dopamine?

A

Stress activates HPA system, which triggers cortisol

secretion, Cortisol increases dopamine activity

71
Q

What does the HPA system do?

A

Manages reactivity to stress
Triggers release of cortisol and is
Affected by early life stress

72
Q

Psychological Stress: schizophrenics are more _________ to stress and have _______ positive moods and _______ negative moods

A

more reactive to stress, lower positive feelings, higher levels of negative moods

73
Q

Family environment: what may increase relapse rates?

A

expressed emotion from family, criticism, emotional over involvement, Hostility

74
Q

studies found Second-generation drugs were _____ effective than the older, first-generation drug

A

2nd generation were not more effective then 1st generation

75
Q

second generation drugs have what serious side effects

A

Weight gain, diabetes, pancreatitis