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year 8 science > chapter 9 rocks > Flashcards

chapter 9 rocks Flashcards

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1
Q

what are all rocks made out of

A

minerals

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2
Q

what is the outer layer of the earth called

A

lithosphere

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3
Q

a very hot mixture of molten rock and gases, just below the Earth’s surface, that has come from the mantle

A

magma

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4
Q

material broken down by weathering and erosion that is moved by wind or water and collects in layers

A

sidements

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5
Q

elements found uncombined in the Earth’s crust

A

native elements

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6
Q

geometrically-shaped substance made up of atoms and molecules arranged in one of seven different shapes. The elements that make up a crystal and the conditions present during the crystal’s growth determine the arrangement of atoms and molecules and the shape of the crystals.

A

crystals

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7
Q

appearance of a mineral caused by the way it reflects light. A mineral can appear glassy, waxy, metallic, dull, pearly, silky or brilliant.

A

lustre

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8
Q

colour of a mineral as a fine powder, found by rubbing it onto an unglazed white ceramic tile

A

streak

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9
Q

a measure of how difficult it is to scratch the surface of a solid material. The hardness rating of a mineral is determined by comparison with ten standard minerals. Diamond has a hardness rating of 10 and can scratch other minerals with a lower hardness rating.

A

hardness

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10
Q

the process that changes rocks by extreme pressure or heat (or both)

A

metamorphism

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11
Q

rock formed from another rock that has been under great heat or pressure (or both)

A

metamorphic rocks

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12
Q

a fine-grained metamorphic rock formed as a result of moderate heat and pressure on shale

A

slate

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13
Q

a metamorphic rock formed as a result of great pressure on limestone

A

marble

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14
Q

a coarse-grained metamorphic rock formed mainly as a result of great pressure on granite

A

gneiss

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15
Q

rocks formed from sediments deposited by water, wind or ice. The sediments are cemented together in layers, under pressure.

A

sedimentary rocks

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16
Q

the wearing away and removal of soil and rock by natural elements, such as wind, waves, rivers and ice, and by human activity

A

erosion

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17
Q

flat, open land beside a river where sediments are deposited during floods

A

floodplains

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18
Q

large bodies of ice that move down slopes and push boulders, rocks and gravel in front of them

A

glaciers

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19
Q

deposit left by movement of a glacier

A

moraines

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20
Q

a fine-grained sedimentary rock formed in layers by the consolidation of clay

A

shale

21
Q

a sedimentary rock with medium-sized grains. The sand grains are cemented together by silica, lime or other salts.

A

sandstone

22
Q

a fine-grained, sedimentary rock without layering

A

mudstone

23
Q

a sedimentary rock with a particle size between that of sandstone and mudstone

A

siltstone

24
Q

sedimentary rock containing large particles of various sizes cemented together

A

conglomerate

25
Q

a sedimentary rock formed from the remains of sea organisms. It consists mainly of calcium carbonate.

A

limestone

26
Q

a sedimentary rock formed from dead plants and animals that were buried before rotting completely

A

coal

27
Q

a sedimentary deposit formed when a salt lake or seabed dried up. Its main chemical is sodium chloride.

A

rock salt

28
Q

rocks that form from the cooling of lava or magma as it is thrown through the air from a volcanic eruption

A

igneous rocks

29
Q

igneous rock that forms when lava cools above the Earth’s surface

A

extrusive rocks

30
Q

a pale rock that forms when frothy lava cools in the air.

A

pumice

31
Q

a dark, igneous rock formed from gassy lava that cools quickly

A

scoria

32
Q

a property of a material or substance that easily scratches another

A

abrasive

33
Q

a dark, igneous rock with small crystals formed by fast cooling of hot lava. It sometimes has holes that once contained volcanic gases.basalt

A

basalta

34
Q

rocks mined to obtain a metal or other chemical within them

A

mineral ores

35
Q

extraction of natural resources from the Earth

A

mining

36
Q

study of the possible effects of a planned project on the environment

A

environmental impact statement (EIS)

37
Q

estored to its previous condition

A

rehabilitated

38
Q

the time beginning about two million years ago during which early humans made implements of stone

A

Stone Age

39
Q

a mixture of a metal with a non-metal or another metal

A

alloy

40
Q

a fine-grained sedimentary rock which leaves a very sharp edge when broken

A

flint

41
Q

any remains, impression, or trace of an animal or plant of a former geological age; evidence of life in the past

A

fossil

42
Q

the buckling of rocks. It is caused when rocks are under pressure from both sides.

A

folding

43
Q

a scientist who studies fossils

A

palaeontologist

44
Q

the age of a rock compared with the age of another rock

A

relative age

45
Q

animal that eats other animals

A

carnivores

46
Q

animals that eat dead plant and animal material

A

scavengers

47
Q

cavity in a rock that shows the shape of the hard parts of an organism; types of fungi found growing on the surface of foods

A

mould

48
Q

fossils that provide evidence, such as footprints, that an organism was present when the rock was formed

A

trace fossils

49
Q

describes volcanoes that are no longer active.

A

extinct

year 8 science (4 decks)

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