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Y4 Biology > Chapter 9 : Respiration In Humans > Flashcards

Chapter 9 : Respiration In Humans Flashcards

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1
Q

What is respiration ?

A

Oxidation of food molecules to release energy

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2
Q

State the uses of energy by the body (5)

A

Active transport
Synthesis of proteins and new protoplasm
Muscular contractions
Transmission of nerve impulses
Cell division

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3
Q

What is aerobic respiration ?

A

Breakdown of food molecules in the presence of oxygen, resulting in the release of a large amount of energy as well as carbon dioxide and water as waste products.

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4
Q

What does ATP stand for and how does ATP release energy ?

A

Adenosine triphosphate. Energy is release when. Phosphate bond is broken and ATP becomes ADP (adenine diphosphate)

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5
Q

Where does aerobics respiration occur ?

A

Mitochondria of all cells

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6
Q

What is anaerobic respiration ?

A

Breakdown of food molecules in the absence of oxygen, releases lactic acid and small amount of energy

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7
Q

Describe how O2 debt occurs in the body (4)

A
  1. Muscles contact vigorously during strenuous exercise
  2. Respiratory rate and heart rate increase to allow more oxygen to reach the heart
  3. When O2 intake cannot meet O2 demand, O2 debt results in anaerobic respiration to take over
  4. This results in lactic acid accumulation in the muscles
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8
Q

What happens during rest after strenuous exercise ?

A
  1. Breathing rate continues to be fast for some time to repay O2 debt
  2. Lactic acid is transported to the liver
  3. Some are then oxidised to release energy
  4. Energy is then used to convert remaining lactic acid to glucose
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9
Q

Describe the passage of air through your respiratory system ( 6 )

A

Nasal passage
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveoli/ alveolus

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10
Q

State the function of gland cells and ciliated cells and where they are located

A

Located on the inner walls of the trachea and bronchi

Gland cells secrete mucus which traps duct and bacteria in the air channeled to the lungs

Ciliated cells have cilia which help to sweep up trapped particles upwards into the pharynx

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11
Q

State the 3 adaptations of the alveoli

A
  1. Well supplied with blood capillaries —> ensure efficient exchange of gases
  2. Thin film of moisture between alveoli and capillaries —> allows gases to dissolve and diffuse into the blood stream
  3. One cell thick —> wall of alveolus is one cell thick to reduce distance between the capillaries and the alveolus and reduce time taken for diffusion
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12
Q

How is CO2 transported in the blood ? (3)

A
  1. CO2 entered the RBC in the blood stream
  2. CO2 molecules react with water in blood to form carbonic acid, catalyse by an enzyme known as carbonic a hydrate
  3. Carbonic acid is then converted into hydrogen carbonate ions which would diffuse out of the RBC into the plasma
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13
Q

Name the 2 sets of muscles found in between the ribs

A

External and internal intercostal muscles

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14
Q

Describe the process of inspiration/ inhalation (3)

A
  1. Diaphragm contracts and flattens down
  2. External IM contracts , internal IM relaxes —> rib cage raised upwards and outwards
  3. Thoracic volume increases, air is drawn into lungs
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15
Q

Process of expiration/ exhalation (3)

A
  1. Diaphragm relaxes and arches upwards
  2. External IM relaxes, Internal IM contracts, diaphragm moves inwards and downwards
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16
Q

What is the stimulus for breathing ?

A

CO2

17
Q

State the effects of Nicotine, CO, irritants and Tar on your body

A

Nicotine:
- addictive
- makes blood clot easily
- increases risk of heart diseases

CO
- Decr ability of RBC to transport O2
- incr rate of fatty deposition on arterial walls
- incr rate of atherosclerosis

Irritants
- Paralyse cilia linings in the air passages
- incr risk of chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Tar:
- Carcinogenic
- paralyses cilia linings
- reduces efficiency of gaseous exchange

18
Q

What is chronic bronchitis and what are some symptoms ?

A
  1. Epithelium lining becomes inflamed
  2. Excessive mucus secretion
  3. Cilia lining in airways are paralysed

Symptoms
- breathing difficulties (blocked airways)
- persistent cough ( attempt at clearing blocked airways )

19
Q

What is emphysema and what are the symptoms

A
  1. Partition walls of the alveoli break down due to violent coughs ( SA of alveoli Decr, reduces efficiency )
  2. Lungs lose elasticity and become inflated with air

Symptoms
- breathing difficulties
- wheezing

20
Q

State the purpose of the C shaped ring of cartilage below the trachea

A
  1. Support the trachea and ensures that the trachea is always open

Y4 Biology (11 decks)

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