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Y4 Biology > Chapter 7 : Transport In Humans > Flashcards

Chapter 7 : Transport In Humans Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the 4 components of blood

A
  1. Plasma
  2. White blood cells
  3. Platelets
  4. Red blood cells
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2
Q

What’s is transported in the plasma (5) ?

A
  1. Proteins such as fibrinogen, prothrombin and antibodies
  2. Mineral salts ( chlorides, sulfates of calcium and sodium )
  3. Food substances ( glucose, fats and amino acids )
  4. Waste products ( Urea, Uric acid and creatinine)
  5. Hormones
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3
Q

What is the main function of the RBC. Where is RBC produced and destroyed

A

Transport of O2 to different parts of the body. Created in bone marrow and destroyed in the spleen.

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4
Q

What are the key features of the RBC (4) ?

A

Presence of haemoglobin
Lack of nucleus
Biconcave shape
Elastic ( able to squeeze through tiny blood capillaries )

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5
Q

What are some unique characteristics of white blood cells (4) ? Where are white blood cells formed and destroyed?

A
  1. Mobile ( able to move and change their shape to squeeze through walls of blood capillaries )
  2. Colourless ( lack of haemoglobin )
  3. Irregular in shape
  4. Contains a nucleus

WBC are formed in the the cells of the bone marrow and destroyed in the spleen.

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6
Q

What are the 2 type of WBC called ?

A

Lymphocytes and phagocytes

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7
Q

Why are the differenence in function of the phagocyte and the lymphocyte

A

Lymphocytes produce antibodies which act by
A) destroying bacteria by rupturing their surface membrane
B) clumping bacteria together so that they can be easily engulfed by the phagocytes
C) neutralise toxins produced by the bacteria

Phagocytes ingest foreign particles and ingest them intracellularly
In the process, some phagocytes are killed and together with dead bacteria form pus

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8
Q

Structural difference of phagocytes and lymphocytes (5)

A
  1. Lymphocytes have a large round nucleus, while phagocytes have a lobed nucleus
  2. Lymphocytes have small amount of cytoplasm while phagocytes have large amount of cytoplasm
  3. Lymphocytes have a non granular cytoplasm while phagocytes have a granular cytoplasm
  4. Lymphocytes have a round shape while phagocytes have an irregular shape
  5. The movement of lymphocytes are limited while the phagocytes are mobile and ca hence move freely
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9
Q

Are blood platelets cells ?

A

No. They are fragments of cytoplasm which are membrane bound

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10
Q

What antigens and antibodies are present on each blood type

A

A : Antigen A and Antibody B
B : Antigen B and Antibody A
O : Both Antibodies A and B, no antigens
AB : Both Antigens A and B, no antibodies

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11
Q

Why can blood group AB receive blood group O blood

A

Antibodies A and B in the blood group O blood are in the plasma, and would not be transferred to the blood group AB person

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12
Q

What happens when antibodies bind with the antigens present on the donor’s blood

A

Agglutination or clumping of blood would occur.

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13
Q

Describe the process where oxygen is transferred from air sac to the RBC (3)

A

Blood passes through the lungs and oxygen diffuses from the air sac into the blood.
The oxygen passes through a thin film of moisture which dissolves the oxygen before it enters the bloodstream
Oxygen binds with haemoglobin to produce oxyhemoglobin.

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14
Q

How does blood clot when there’s an open wound ?

A
  1. Damaged tissue and platelets release thrombokinase ( enzyme )
  2. Thrombokinase converts prothrombin into thrombin
  3. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads, entangling blood cells to form a clot
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15
Q

Name the 3 types of blood vessels

A

Artery
Capillary
Vein

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16
Q

State the function and adaptation of the artery (1+2)

A

Transport oxygenated blood away from the heart to other organs in the body
Have thick muscular walls to support high pressure blood which is coming from the heart
Small lumen to maintain high pressure of blood throughout the body

17
Q

State the function and adaptations of the veins (1+3)

A

Transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart
Thin walls with less elastic tissue as BP in the veins is lower
Presence of semilunar valves to prevent the back flow of blood
Wider lumen due to lower pressure in the veins

18
Q

Adaptations of the capillaries

A

Capillary network : Larger SA and total cross sectional area ( more efficient exchange of substances between blood and cells

High cross sectional area : Lower BP and slower blood flow, more time for exchange of substances

One cell thick : shorter distance for diffusion, increases speed of exchange of substances

19
Q

What is tissue fluid and what is the function of tissue fluid?

A

Colourless fluid found in between cells
Nutrients and oxygen diffuse into the tissue fluid before diffusing into the cells. SImilarly, CO2 diffuses into the cells before diffusing into the capillaries

20
Q

Why is double circulation better than single circulation

A

Blood enters pulmonary circulation at lower pressure, ensuring sufficient time for blood to be fully oxygenated before returning to the heart
Blood is pumped into systemic circulation at high pressure —> quick distribution to all tissues in the body

21
Q

Difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation

A

Pulmonary circulation is between heart and lungs
Systemic circulation is from the heart to the rest of the body

22
Q

What is the difference of pulmonary arteries and normal arteries

A

Arteries transport oxygenated blood away from the heart while the pulmonary artery transports deoxygenated blood away from the heart

23
Q

The heart is surrounded by __________ . It consists of 4 chambers and is located in the ________ ________

A

Pericardium, thoracic cavity

24
Q

What is the muscular wall between the median and the septum and what is its function

A

The Median septum. Prevents mixing of oxygenated blood with deoxygenated blood

25
Q

Why is the left ventricle thicker than the right ventricle

A

The left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body while the right ventricle only pump blood to the lungs which is close to the heart. Hence the left ventricle has a thicker wall to pump blood at a higher pressure.

26
Q

Describe the pathway of oxygenated blood in the heart

A

Pulmonary vein —> left atrium —> left ventricle —> aortic arch

27
Q

Describe the pathway of deoxygenated blood

A

Vena cava —> right atrium —> right ventricle —> pulmonary arch

28
Q

What’s the valve separating the right atrium and the right ventricle

A

Tricuspid valve

29
Q

What’s the valve separating the left atrium and left ventricle

A

Mitral valve

30
Q

Describe how atrioventricular (AV) valves ( mitral valve and tricuspid valve ) work (2)

A

The atrioventricular valves open when pressure in the atrium is higher than in the ventricle

The av valves close when pressure in the ventricle is higher than in the atrium ( prevents the back flow for blood )

31
Q

The atrioventricular valves have ______ attached to the valve flaps

A

Tendons

32
Q

State the function of the coronary arteries and coronary veins

A

Coronary arteries
Supply the heart muscles with nutrients and oxygen

Coronary veins
Remove CO2 and waste products from the heart muscle

33
Q

Difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis ?

A

Arteriosclerosis is a general term for degeneration of the arteries making them less elastic

Atherosclerosis is a specific form of arteriosclerosis caused by the build up of fatty plaque in the artery

34
Q

Why is atherosclerosis harmful ?

A

Narrows the lumen of the arteries, forms a thrombosis (blood clot) in the arteries. This reduces blood flow and hence oxygen supply to the heart muscles which can lead to a heart attack

35
Q

What are some factors which could lead to atherosclerosis

A
  • smoking
  • high cholesterol / high fat diet
  • obesity
  • emotional stress
  • diabetes
    -lack of exercise
36
Q

Describe the process of the cardiac cycle starting from the the atrial systole (7)

A
  1. Atrial systole forces blood into the left ventricle (active fill stage)
  2. Ventricular systole and the valves close
  3. Pressure in the ventricle increases until it is greater than in the aortic arch
  4. Semilunar valves open and blood flows through
  5. Ventricle starts to relax, pressure in ventricle decreases
  6. Mitral and tricuspid valves open when blood pressure in ventricle < pressure in atrium
  7. Blood flows in from the atrium into the ventricle (passive fill stage)

Y4 Biology (11 decks)

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