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Sociology > Chapter 9: Racial And Ethnic Relations > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Racial And Ethnic Relations Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Race as a Reality

A
  • Racial difference become important because people believe them to be
    • Assigning people to racial groups has great significance and people attach meaning to them
  • In Sociological terms, “race” is a category of people who share observable physical characteristics and whom others see as a distinct group
    • Sociologists were concerned with how people react to physical characteristics and the impact the reactions have on individuals
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2
Q

Category of people who share observable physical characteristics and who others see as a distinct group

A

Race

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3
Q

The set of cultural characteristics that separates me group from another

A

Ethnicity

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4
Q

Ethnicity

A
  • Ethnicity
  • Ethnic group
  • Ethnicity is based on characteristics such as national origin, religion, language, customs and values
  • Ethnic groups must pass cultural beliefs and practices from generation to generation
  • Ethnic identity can cross racial or national boundaries
  • Ethnicity is based on cultural traits, while race is based on physical traits
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5
Q

People who share a common cultural background and a common sense of identity are know as an

A

Ethnic group

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6
Q

A group of people who - because of their physical characteristics or cultural practices - are singled out and treated unequally

A

Minority group

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7
Q

Minority Groups

A
  • Although no particular physical feature or ethnic background is superior or inferior to any other, many sociologist recognize that people may place an arbitrary value on specific characteristics
  • in this sense, the term minority a has nothing to do with group size, but with the unequal standing in society in relation to a dominant group
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8
Q

Race as a Myth

A
  • Many people thinks that humankind can be sorted into biologically distinct groups called races
    • This idea suggests that there are “pure” example of different races ad. That any person can belong to only one race (based on skin color, hair texture, physical characteristics etc.)
  • Biologists, geneticists, and social scientists reject this view of race
  • All people belong to the human species
  • There are greater differences within racial groups than between racial groups.
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9
Q

The group that possesses the ability to discriminate by virtue of its great power, privilege and social status in a society

A

Dominant group

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10
Q

Dominant group

A
  • The dominant group I’m American society is white people with northern European ancestry
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11
Q

Characteristics that Distinguish Minority Groups:

A
  • Possesses identifiable physical or cultural characteristics that differ from the dominant group
  • Recipients of unequal treatment at the hands of the dominant group
  • Member in the group is an ascribed status
  • Share a strong bond and sense of group loyalty
  • Tend to practice endogamy (marriage within the group)
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12
Q

The inequality experienced by minority groups are common across the globe

A

Discrimination and prejudice

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13
Q

The denial of equal treatment to individuals based on their group membership

A

Discrimination

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14
Q

Discrimination

A
  • Can occur on an individual level or societal level
  • Legal discrimination
  • Institutionalized discrimination
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15
Q

Upheld by law

A

Legal discrimination

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16
Q

Outgrowth of the structure of a society

A

Institutionalized discrimination

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17
Q

An unsupported generalization about a category of people

A

Prejudice

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18
Q

Prejudice

A
  • Stereotype
  • Self-fulfilling prophecy
  • Racism
19
Q

Over-simplified, exaggerated or unfavorable generalization about a group

A

Stereotype

20
Q

A prediction resulting in behavior that fulfills the prophecy

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy

21
Q

The belief that ones own race is superior

A

Racism

22
Q

Actively prejudiced and openly discriminatory

A

Active Bigot

23
Q

Prejudice, but is afraid to discriminate because of social pressure
- Hesitant, has thoughts but won’t act on it

A

Timid Bigot

24
Q

Not prejudice but discriminates anyways because of social pressure
- Followers, give into peer pressure

A

Fair-Weather Liberal

25
Q

Not prejudiced and does not discriminate

A

All- Weather Liberal

26
Q

Psychological Explanations:

A
  • Prejudiced people have an authoritarian personality type
  • Prejudice ,at be the result of frustration and anger
    A Scape gloating occurs when an innocent person or group is blamed for ones troubles
27
Q

Economic Explanations

A
  • Prejudice arises out of competition for resources

- Dominant group may encourage competition between minority groups in order to maintain its dominant status

28
Q

Sociological Explanation

A

Prejudiced are embedded into social norms

29
Q
  • Policy that allows each group within society to keep its unique cultural identity
    • Switzerland is an example with three official languages
A

Cultural Pluralism

30
Q

Blending of culturally distinct groups into a single group with a common culture and identity

  • American idea of “melting pot”
  • Can happen informally or by force
A

Assimilation

31
Q

Legal Protection

A
  • The rights of minorities are protected by law
    • The United States is an example
    • Includes affirmative action laws
32
Q

Policy that physically separates a minority group gro, the dominant group; different restrooms for white and black people

A

Segregation

33
Q

Segregation:

A
  • “De Jure” segregation is based on laws

- “De facto” segregation is based on custom and informal norms

34
Q

Subjugation

A
  • Subjugation is a practice whereby dominance is maintained by force
    • Most extreme form is slavery
    • South Africa’s apartheid is an example
35
Q

Population Transfer:

A
  • Separation of groups by transferring the minority population to a new territory
    • “Indirect” transfer occurs when the dominant groups make life for minority is so miserable that they leave
    • “Direct” transfer involves using force to move people to new locations
36
Q

Extermination

A
  • Most extreme; goal is elimination
    • Genocide is the goal of complete destruction of minority group
      • Holocaust and Rwanda are examples
    • Ethnic cleansing is the combination of extermination and transferral
      • Serbia and Sudan are examples
37
Q

American Dilemma:

A
  • The gap between what American claim to believe and how they actually behave
  • Americans have not always lives up the ideals of freedom and equality when dealing with minority groups
  • The conflict dates back to colonial times
  • Minority groups have prospered in relation to how close to they adapt to the white Anglo Saxon Protestant (WASP)
38
Q

African Americans:

A
  • 12% of the population
  • Experiences historically shaped by slavery, discrimination and segregation
  • Civil Eights Movement brought significant gains towards equality
  • Some negative trends in education, employment and income that reveal continuing inequality
  • Since 1965 legislation, the number of black representatives in government has grown quickly
  • Organizations such as the National Urban League work to empower the African Americans
  • Group faces environmental racism. Or bias in environmental policies and practices
39
Q

Hispanic Americans:

A
  • Largest minority group
  • Trace their heritage to Spain or Soanish- speaking Latin American countries
  • Population of Hispanics is growing faster than any other general population
  • 1960’s - Hispanics in the United States were mostly from Mexico, Cuba and Puerto Rico
  • Central and South American immigrants now more common
  • Came to the United States to seek political freedom and economic opportunity
  • Estimates in 2014 that there are more than 11.3 million illegal immigrants in the United States; vast majority are Hispanic
  • Hispanics now hold more than 6,000 appointed and elected positions
  • Poverty rate is double that of white Americans
40
Q

Native Americans:

A
  • 2.9 million individuals
  • Original inhabitants of he United States
  • Disease, warfare. And destruction of traditional ways of life reduced number dramatically
  • U.S. Government took traditional lands and forced Native Americans onto reservations
  • policies encouraged assimilation into white culture
  • Today 55% are on reservations
  • Statistics reveal dire challenges for Native American populations
  • Pan-Indianism
41
Q

A social and political movement that United culturally distinct Native American nations to work together on issues that affect all Native Americans

A

Pan-indianism

42
Q

White Ethnics

A
  • White ethnics were immigrants from the mainly catholic countries of Ireland, Italy, France, Poland, and Greece
  • Faced discrimination by the white Protestant majority
43
Q

Jewish Americans:

A
  • Focus their ethnic identity on their religion

- Faced anti-semitism discrimination and prejudice against Jews

44
Q

Arab Americans:

A
  • 3.5 million Arab Americans

- Arab Americans face new discrimination after the Arab-led terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001

Sociology (5 decks)

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