Chapter 4: Socializing individual

Question 0

Transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children

Answer 0

Heredity

Question 1

Behaviors, attitudes, beliefs and values that characterize an individual

Answer 1

Personality

Question 2

Unchanging, biologically inherited behavior pattern

Answer 2

Instinct

Question 3

Behavior is a result of social environment and learning

Answer 3

Nurture Argument

Question 4

Systematic study of biological basis of all social behavior

Answer 4

Sociobiology

Question 5

Capacity to learn a particular skill of acquire a specific body of knowledge.
Environmental factors: parent responses encourage/discourage developmental of aptitude
Parental reinforcement may effect traits such as, shyness, social ability, and aggression

Answer 5

Aptitude

Question 6

Provides you with biological needs but culture determines how you meet those needs.

• setting limits on individuals
• • inherited characteristics limit what is possible

Answer 6

Heredity

Question 7

More affectionate, more friendly, risk-takers and social and intellectual rebels.

Answer 7

Later born

Question 8

• Age of parents when children are born
• Level of education
• Religious orientation
• Economic status
• Cultural heritage
• Occupational background

Answer 8

Parental Characteristics

Question 9

Achievement oriented, responsible, conservative in thinking and defenders of the status quo.

Answer 9

First born

Question 10

Each culture gives rise to certain personality types (model personalities)

• U.S. = competitiveness, assertiveness, and individualism
• Gender differences in our culture
• Subcultural differences
• Region of country or type of neighborhood
• Influence of Social Environment

Answer 10

The Cultural Environment

Question 11

• Born to unmarried mom
• Grandfather kept her in an attic room
• Given minimal care
  
  • • Under nourished and emaciated
• No human contact
• At 6 years old, could not talk, walk or feed herself
• Learned to walk, feed herself, brush her teeth and talk in simple phrases.
• Died at 10 years old

Answer 11

Situation of Anna

Question 12

• Found at same age as Anna
• Kept in dark room with deaf mom
• Did not learn to speak
• Found at 6 years old, acted like an infant
• Began to speak after training
• After 2 years she reached the level of her peers

Answer 12

Situation of Isabelle

Question 13

• Discovered in 1970- 13 years old
• Confined from age of 20 months to small bedroom
• Beaten if she made noise
• Father interacted by acting like an angry dog
• Did not learn to talk
• Had skills of 1 year old when found and could not stand straight
• 8 years of training - did not progress past the 3rd grade student

Answer 13

Situation of Genie

Question 14

• 1945 study by Rene Spitz (children living in an orphanage)
• • Given food and medical care
• • Given little human contact
• • 1/3 of the children died within 2 years
• • survivors: less than 25% could walk less or dress by themselves or use a spoon
• • 1 child could speak in complete sentences

Answer 14

Institutionalization

Question 15

Interactive process through which people learn the basic skill, values, beliefs and behavior patterns of society.

Answer 15

Socialization

Question 16

Conscious awareness of possessing identity that separates you and your environment from other members of society.

Answer 16

Self

Question 17

The Tabula Rosa

• Each child is born a “clean slate”
• We are all born without a personality
• Acquire personality as a result of social experiences
• Could be molded into a particular personality

Answer 17

John Locke

Question 18

The Looking-Glass Self

• Interactionist perspective
• Definition: An interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others.
• Three Step Process:
• Child is influenced by primary group

Answer 18

Charles Cooley

Question 19

• 1. We imagine how we appear to others
• 2. We attempt to determine whether others view us as we ourselves through their interactions
• 3. Develop feelings about ourselves based on our perceptions

Answer 19

Three Step Process:

Question 20

Role Taking:
- Role Taking: take on, or pretend to take on, the role of others
First: We internalize the expectations of people closest to us (significant others)
Second: expectations/attitudes of society guide us more.
- Generalized others: attitudes, expectations and viewpoints of society
-Three Step Process
- Parts of the Self

Answer 20

George Meade

Question 21

1. ) Imitation (under 3) - don’t have a sense of self; mimic actions
2. ) Play (ages 3-6) - play and act out roles of specific people; trying to see world through someone else’s eyes
3. ) Organized Games (over 6 or 7) - Require children to take roles; anticipate the actions and expectations of others

Answer 21

George Meade’s Three Step Process:

Question 22

• The “I” - unsocialized, spontaneous and self-interested component of personality.
• The “Me” - Aware of expectations and attitudes of society (socialized self)

Answer 22

Parts of the Self:

Question 23

Social interaction is like a drama being performed on a stage.

Answer 23

Dramaturgy (Ervan Goffman)

Question 24

An effort people make to play their roles and manage the impressions that the audience receives
- Because we are so worried about impressing others, we change our self that we display

Answer 24

Impression Management

Question 25

• College students reactions to exam scores were different depending on who they were

Answer 25

Albas and Albas Study

Question 26

Cooley and Meade look at what?

Answer 26

How we create ourself

Question 27

What does Goffman look at?

Answer 27

How we changed that Self depending on audience

Question 28

Specific individuals, groups and institutions that enable socialization to take place

Answer 28

Agents of Socialization

Question 29

• Most important agent
• Socialization can be deliberate or unintended (unintended may have greater impact)
• May be different from family to family
• • single parents, family relationships, subgroups they belong to, etc.

Answer 29

1. family

Question 30

• Primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and similar social characteristics
• Most influential during pre-teen and early teen years
• Focus is the subculture of the group

Answer 30

2. Peer Group

Question 31

• Class activities = basic knowledge
• Extracurriculars = prepare for life in society
• Transmits cultural values
• Teachers become role models

Answer 31

3. School

Question 32

• Instruments of communication that reach large audiences with no personal contact
• Television has the largest influence
• • Negatives:
  • Effect of violence - leads to more aggressive behavior
  • Presents image of society limited to white middle-class
• • Positives:
  • Educational tool
  • Expands the viewers world

Answer 32

4. Mass Media

Question 33

• Break past experiences and the learning of new values and norms
• Voluntary resocialization
• Involuntary resocialization

Answer 33

Resocialization

Question 34

People who assume a new status

Answer 34

Voluntary resocialization

Question 35

• Total institution

- Try to change a persons personality and behavior (remove a person identity)

Answer 35

Involuntary resocialization

Question 36

Setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a time and are subject to tight control

Answer 36

Total Institution