CHAPTER 9: OTHER IMPORTANT DESIGN STRATEGIES Flashcards
What is Defensible Space?
Physical and psychological/social barriers that define a space for the purpose of surveillance and control by the site owner
Defensible space consists of territory, access, and surveillance.
List the components of Defensible Space.
- Territory (public and private space)
- Access (providing or restricting access)
- Surveillance (seeing or being seen)
What is Natural Access Control?
Uses defined entry points and other physical barriers to limit access to a specific site.
How does limiting access affect crime opportunities?
Decreases opportunities for crime and makes a site feel safer to its users.
Define Territorial Reinforcement.
Uses design features such as plant materials, hardscape, walls, and fences to delineate a sphere of influence.
What is the purpose of Territorial Reinforcement?
Deters potential criminal offenders by making it clear they have entered a highly maintained or controlled space.
What is Natural Surveillance?
Uses site and architectural design to create spaces that maximize visibility to increase safety.
Give examples of Natural Surveillance.
- Windows that look onto public spaces
- Adequate nighttime lighting
- Active pedestrian-friendly streetscapes
What does Management and Maintenance entail?
Keeping the site in good working order to convey a sense of safety and security.
What are electronic methods in CPTED?
- Mechanical security products
- Target hardening techniques
- Locks
- Alarms
- Closed circuit television (CCTV)
Fill in the blank: The most efficient irrigation systems are _______.
[climate based control systems]
What is the purpose of grading?
Alter the relative steepness of a slope to control the path and velocity of stormwater runoff.
What is the formula for grading?
Rise over run (vertical change in elevation divided by horizontal distance).
Describe the Cut and Fill process.
A sequence of activities: site preparation, bulk excavation, backfilling/fine grading, finish surfacing.
What are the threats posed by sediment to waterways?
- Introduces fertilizers and pesticides
- Reduces stream channel and reservoir capacity
- Increases likelihood of flooding
How does vegetation help with erosion and sediment control?
- Prevents soil erosion
- Holds soil in place with root systems
- Increases absorption capacity of the soil
What are the two steps in sediment and erosion mitigation on construction sites?
- Minimizing the amount of land disturbed (erosion control)
- Limiting the damage caused by sediments (sediment control)
List best practices for erosion control.
- Limiting disturbance
- Scheduling grading to avoid high erosion potential
- Stabilizing soils after grading
- Locating pollution sources away from sensitive areas
What are construction site sediment controls?
- Sediment basins
- Sediment traps
- Filter fabric fencing
- Straw bale barriers
Define stormwater management.
Controlling the volume, concentration, and quality of surface runoff on a site.
What influences surface runoff?
- Precipitation
- Soil type
- Slope
- Vegetation
What does Low Impact Development (LID) emphasize?
Sustainable stormwater management through small scale controls that help natural hydrological processes.
List benefits of LID.
- Reduction in stormwater volume and velocity
- Increase in pervious surfaces
- Improvements to water quality
What is the purpose of a hydrograph?
Visual graphics of stormwater volume.
What is ‘First Flush’?
The initial, highly polluted runoff from a storm event.
Define Non-point source Pollution.
Pollution that originates from numerous, diffuse sources.
What is a Total Maximum Daily Load?
The maximum amount of a pollutant a water body can receive and still meet water quality standards.
What is the purpose of irrigation?
Deliver water to plant material while minimizing water usage.
What is a cistern?
A structure used to capture and store rainwater.
What is fertigation?
Irrigation system that introduces fertilizer into the water prior to it being emitted to plants.
What is the main type of irrigation equipment?
- Rotors
- Sprays
- Drip
Fill in the blank: The most efficient irrigation system is _______.
[drip irrigation]
What is the purpose of a backflow preventer?
Protects potable water supplies from contamination due to backflow.
What is the role of an irrigation controller?
Regulates the time and duration that each valve provides water.
Define ‘Isolation Valves’.
Manually operated devices that shut off specific portions of the mainline for maintenance.
What is the purpose of irrigation piping?
Constructed typically of PVC and drained during winter months to prevent damage.
What is the purpose of sleeving in hardscape surfaces?
Sleeving protects piping and allows piping to remain intact
Define ‘Fertigation’
Irrigation system that introduces fertilizer into the water prior to it being emitted to plants
What factors should be considered in material selection?
Suitability to proposed program and regional climate, durability, and environmental impact
What is meant by ‘embodied energy’?
Energy consumed by all processes associated with the production of material
List some materials ranked by embodied energy from most to least
- Aluminum
- PVC
- Steel
- Imported granite
- Asphalt
- Kiln dried lumber
- Bricks
- Local granite
- Concrete
- Gravel
- Sand
What are the advantages of using aggregate as a material?
- Economical surfacing material
- Range of colors
What is a disadvantage of using asphalt?
Susceptible to freeze damage
What is a key advantage of using brick as a material?
Easily repaired
What are some disadvantages of concrete?
- Difficult to color evenly and permanently
- Can crack easily
What does ‘permeable pavement’ do?
Allows rain and snowmelt to seep through the surface down to underlying layers of soil and gravel
What is the purpose of a Material Safety Data Sheet (SDS)?
Lists hazardous ingredients, physical and chemical characteristics, effects on human health, and handling precautions
What does ‘Opinion of probable cost (OPC)’ refer to?
Estimates based on quantity takeoffs, details, and specifications, produced early in the project lifecycle
True or False: Value Engineering should compromise the health and safety of site users.
False
What is the Sustainable Sites Initiative (SITES)?
The first comprehensive rating system that guides, evaluates, and certifies a project’s sustainability
What are some specific metrics used in landscape performance evaluation?
- Weather, microclimate, air quality
- Soil and amendments
- Water quantity and quality
- Vegetation metrics
- Society and culture
What does Integrated Pest Management (IPM) focus on?
Long-term prevention of pests through a combination of techniques
Fill in the blank: _______ is water from toilets and urinals that contains human waste and pathogens.
Black water
What is the role of contracts in landscape architecture?
Reduce potential for misunderstandings, disagreements, and conflicts over the lifespan of a project
What is a ‘tort’?
A wrongful act resulting in harm or injury to another person or their property
What is a maintenance relationship to the design process?
Landscape architect promotes effective site maintenance during the design process
What are some strategies for sustainable landscape maintenance?
- Reduce waste and carbon emissions
- Address waste stream on site
- Replace traditional pest management with IPM
- Treat stormwater on site
- Amend soils using organic matter
What should a Site Maintenance Plan include?
- Routine maintenance
- Seasonal maintenance requirements
- Long term preventative maintenance
- Operating manuals
- As built drawings
- Guide to plant material
What is a maintenance audit?
A proactive strategy to determine how landscape maintenance activities can be improved
What are landscape contractors responsible for during the maintenance period?
- Care of plant material
- Pest/disease control
- Adjustments to irrigation equipment
