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pathophysiology > chapter 9- musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

chapter 9- musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the action of bones?

A

provide rigid support and protection for the body

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2
Q

what is the term that means new blood cells?

A

hematopoiesis

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3
Q

what does the term osteoblasts mean

A

build new bone

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4
Q

what does osteoclasts mean

A

break down (catestrophic)

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5
Q

what two things keep the bone in homeostasis

A

osteo blast/clast

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6
Q

what is the area where the shaft broadens

A

metaphysis

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7
Q

this is the end of the bone where it is composed of spongy bone that is covered in compact bone

A

epiphysis

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8
Q

Which is the site of longitudinal bone growth in children and adolescents that is promoted by growth hormone & sex hormones

A

epiphyseal cartilage (“growth” plate)

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9
Q

the epiphyseal cartilage/plate is also known as

A

epiphyseal line

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10
Q

the bone is covered by ______ that is composed of fibrous connective tissue

A

periosteum

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11
Q

what is the four functions of skeletal muscle?

A
  • body movement
  • stabilize joints
  • maintain body position
  • maintain body temp (muscle contraction)
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12
Q

why does the muscle need many mitochondrias?

A

it supplies energy for the contraction process

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13
Q

what is the gap called that is between the synapse & the end of the motor nerve & the receptor site in the muscle fiber

A

neuromuscular junction

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14
Q

what is being released in the neuromuscular junction

A

acetylcholine

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15
Q

what inactivates acetylcholine?

A

acetylcholinesterase

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16
Q

what filaments are the contractile elements of the muscle fiber?

A

actin and myosin

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17
Q

what is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and causes the POWER STROKE that contracts the muscle fiber

A

calcium

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18
Q

what does the body need to contract or relax the muscle?

A

ATP

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19
Q

what is similar to hemoglobin that is a red oxygen binding protein that is present in muscle cells

A

myoglobin

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20
Q

if the supply of oxygen does not meet the demand what process starts within the body

A

anaerobic respiration

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21
Q

what main source is used in anaerobic respiration? which then produces _____ instead of carbon dioxide and the amount of ATP is _____.

A

lactic acid ; less

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22
Q

during the process of strenuous physical activity and anaerobic metabolism ______ lactic acid diffuses into the blood _____ the pH and causing metabolic ______

A

excessive; lowering; acidosis

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23
Q

what is the term for increased size of the muscle cell

A

hypertrophy

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24
Q

connective tissue covering the muscle is called

A

perimysium

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25
Q

attaches each end of the muscle to the two bones that articulate a joint

A

tendon

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26
Q

bone attached to the same muscle is moved by the muscle contraction and is called

A

insertion

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27
Q

form a direct attachment between two bones

A

ligaments

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28
Q

one muscle that opposes the action of another is called

A

antagonists

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29
Q

skeletal muscles do not go through mitosis they use _____ which increase the size of the muscle cell

A

hypertrophy

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30
Q

when muscle cell size decreases when the muscle cell is not used

A

atrophy

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31
Q

when the muscle “twitches” and increases irritability of the motor nerves supplying the muscle is called ____

A

tetany

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32
Q

what low level of electrolyte causes increased permeability of the nerve membrane that causes a muscle spasm

A

hypocalcemia

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33
Q

what is the term when they are talking about the sutures in the skull that are immovable joints

A

SYNarthroses

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34
Q

what is the term that are slightly movable joints that are the bones that are connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

A

AMPHIarthroses

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35
Q

what is the term for freely movable joints

A

DIarthroses or synovial

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36
Q

what cover the end of the bone

A

articular cartilage that is made of hyaline

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37
Q

the joint cavity or space between the articulating ends of the bones is filled with a small amount of

A

synovial fluid

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38
Q

the synovial fluid facilitates movement and prevents the two surfaces from_____

A

damaging each other (rubbing)/grinding)

39
Q

where does the production of the synovial fluid occur

A

synovial membrane

40
Q

the articular capsule is located where on the bone

A

outer covering

41
Q

what is the lateral & medical pads that act to stabalize the joint

A

menisci

42
Q

fluid filled sacs that are composed of synovial membrane and are located between structures

A

bursae

43
Q

what does electromyograms do

A

measure the electrical charge associated with muscle contraction

44
Q

how can joints be visualized by

A

arthroscopy or MRI

45
Q

muscle disorders can be checked by determining the levels of components such as __________

A

serum creatine kinase (CK)

46
Q

is a break in the rigid structure and continuity of a bone

A

fracture

47
Q

occurs when the bone is broken to form two or more separate pieces

A

complete fracture

48
Q

the bone is only partially broken

A

incomplete fracture

49
Q

the shaft of the bone is bent tearing the cortical bone on one side but not extending all the way through the bone

A

greenstick facture

50
Q

when the skin is broken and there is a fracture

A

open or compound fracture

51
Q

the skin is not broken at the fracture site

A

closed fracture

52
Q

single break in the bone in which the bone ends maintain their alignment and position

A

simple fracture

53
Q

bone break in which several large bone fragments separate from the main body of a fractured bone

A

segmental fracture

54
Q

there are multiple fracture lines and bone fragments

A

comminuted fracture

55
Q

occurring when a bone is crushed or collapses into small pieces (normally in vertebrae)

A

compression fracture

56
Q

when one end of the bone is forced into the adjacent bone

A

impacted fracture

57
Q

results from weakness in the bone structure due to conditions such as a tumor or osteoporosis

A

pathologic fracture

58
Q

repeated excessive stress fracture

A

stress fractures

59
Q

occurs in the skull when the broken section is forced inward on the brain

A

depressed fracture

60
Q

fracture across the bone

A

transverse fracture

61
Q

break along the axis of the bone

A

linear fracture

62
Q

break at an angle to the diaphysis of the bone

A

oblique fracture

63
Q

break that angles around the bone usually due to a twisting injury

A

spiral fracture

64
Q

break in the distal radius at the wrist

A

colles fracture

65
Q

fracture of the lower fibula due to excessive stress on the ankle

A

pott fracture

66
Q

another word for clot

A

hematoma

67
Q

what are the 5 stages of bone healing?

A
  1. hematoma
  2. granulation tissue
  3. procallus
  4. bony callus
  5. remodeling
68
Q

what are some factors that affect the healing process

A

amount of damage, infection, blood supply

69
Q

what are some complications that may affect healing in patients

A

muscle spasms, infections (tetanus/osteomyelitis), ischemia, fat emboli, nerve damage, failure to heal

70
Q

what is the term to define a grating creaking cracking or popping sound

A

crepitus

71
Q

what is reduction? difference between open reduction & closed reduction?

A
  • restore the bones to their normal position
  • open: surgery
  • closed: exerting pressure and traction
72
Q

what is the separation of two bones at a joint with loss of contact between the articulating bone surfaces

A

dislocation

73
Q

difference between s(T)rain and sprain

A

strain is a tear in tendon while sprain is tear in ligament

74
Q

what is avulsion

A

ligaments or tendons are completely separated from their bony attachments

75
Q

what are the differences between first, second, and third degree muscle tears

A

1st - small percent of the muscle; pain is mild no loss of motion
2nd - larger tear; pain is severe & little loss of motion
3rd - complete tear; unable to contract

76
Q

refers to disorders affecting muscles, tendons, & nerves that develop over a period of time

A

repetitive strain injury (RSI)

77
Q

what causes a decrease in bone mass & density

A

osteoporosis (asians)

78
Q

what are some treatments that can be used for sprain or strains?

A

RICE
NSAIDS
physiotherapy
massages

79
Q

within osteoporosis what is the difference between primary & secondary? what is happening with osteoCLASTS & osteoBLASTS levels? what is the patient losing in terms of the bone. This can lead to the cause of what type of vertebral diagnosis. what treatments can be given.

A

primary- idiopathic low estrogen/calcium
secondary- complication of another disorder
there are more production of clasts than blasts
compact bone
kyphosis
bisphosphonate & calcitonin (increases blasts) Human parathyroid hormone

80
Q

what two conditions occur due to lack of vitamin D & phosphates. what causes this? which condition is known for “Bowlegs”

A

rickets *& osteomalacia
dietary, lack of sun exposure
rickets

81
Q

what disease occurs in adults older than 40 yrs old. It also has no known cause. It is an excessive bone destruction occurrence with replacement of bone by fibrous tissue & abnormal bone (asymptomatic)

A

paget disease (osteitis defrormans)

82
Q

is a bone infection usually caused by bacteria & sometimes fungi. what are some S/S. what treatments.

A

osteomyelitis; local inflammation, bone pain, fever, sweating, chills, general malaise; strong antibiotics or surgery

83
Q

what is Lordosis also known as? what causes this? what is Kyphosis also known as? what causes this? what is Scoliosis characterized by? what are some treatments that can be given for these?

A

swayback, achondroplasia obesity discitis
hunchback, poor posture spina bifida congenital defects
S- or C- shaped sideways curve to the spine
meds for pain/inflammation, weight loss, brace, surgery

84
Q

what bone tumor is known to be secondary to malignant tumors? where are they located in? what is the primary malignant neoplasm? where are they located in? where is the ewing sarcoma (malignant) found in? what type of tumor is found in the cartilage cells?

A

metastatic - breast lung or prostate
osteosarcoma - metaphysis of femur tibia or fibula
diaphysis of long bone
chondrosarcomas

85
Q

what is an example of a muscular dystrophy disease & what is happening? what inheritance is it leading to what gender getting it? what does the muscle lack that causes this? what is a sign that we can see? what can we look at to diagnose this?

A

Duchenne MD; degeneration of skeletal muscle; XLinked leading to men getting it; lacks dystrophin; Gower Maneuver (child pushes to erect position by using hands; look at elevated creatine kinase levels

86
Q

what syndrome is known for a group of disorders characterized by pain & stiffness? It is known for its unknown cause but is related to central neurotransmission. What are the S/S? How can we treat it?

A

fibromyalgia; pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, depression; reduce stress, rest as needed, low dose of anti-depressant, NSAIDS

87
Q

what is known as a degenerative or “wear/tear” joint disease? Is caused by weight bearing joints and is damaged/lost through structural fissures/erosion. the primary form of this is associated with what two things?what are some S/S? what are some treatments?

A

osteoarthritis; obesity & age; aching pain, joint movement limited, TMJ, less social activities; stress on join minimized, mild exercise, NSAIDs, analgesic, glucosamine

88
Q

what is considered an autoimmune disorder causing chronic systemic inflammatory disease? It is highly seen in what gender? this disease often commences insidiously with symmetric involvement of the small joints. what are some S/S? what treatment can be given?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis ; females; inflammation, joints are red & swollen, are sensitive to touch; heat & cold, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, COX2

89
Q

what is different in Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis compared to RA? What is absent in JRA? Can this be outgrown? what is the name of the systemic form that develops fever, rash, lymphadenopathy, and hepatomegaly?

A

acute; rheumatoid nodules; yes; still disease

90
Q

what type of arthritis is occurs in a single joint? what are S/S. The synovium is swollen and a _____ exudate forms. What is the source of infection? what treatment is used?

A

infections (septic) arthritis; red swollen and painful with low movement; purulent; blood borne bacteria (staph); aggressive antimicrobial treatments

91
Q

what form of arthritis is a form of deposits of uric acid & urate crystals in the joint? what can be formed due to the large amounts of uric acid in a location. what is this? what treatment is given?

A

gout (gouty arthritis); tophus; a large hard nodule; reducing uric acid by drugs & dietary changes (colchicine, allopurinol)

92
Q

is a chronic progressive inflammatory condition that affects the sacroiliac joints intervertebral spaces, and costovertebral joints. what are S/S?

A

ankylosing spondylitis; low back pain & morning stiffness uveitis (inflammation of eye (iritis))

93
Q

what is the difference between bursitis, synovitis, & tendinitis? what treatment can be given?

A

bursitis- inflammation of bursae
synovitis- inflammation of synovial membrane
tendinitis- irritation or inflammation of tendons
anti-inflammatory

pathophysiology (3 decks)

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