chapter 10 - blood & circulatory system disorders

Question 1

what does the body use within the body to transport blood?

Answer 1

arteries, capillaries, & veins

Question 2

what is the difference between pulmonary circulation & systemic circulation?

Answer 2

pulmonary- exchange of O2 & CO2 in the lungs

systemic- exchange of nutrients & wastes between blood & cells

Question 3

arteries transport blood ____ from the heart. what are the smaller branches of arteries which control the blood flowing into the capillaries. veins transport blood _____ the heart. what are the smaller branches of veins?

Answer 3

away (deoxygenated); arterioles; towards (oxygenated); venules

Question 4

the walls of arteries & veins are made up of what three layers?

Answer 4

tunica
>intima
>media
>adventitia/externa

Question 5

normally the large arteries are highly elastic in order to what with blood flow?

Answer 5

adjust to the changes in blood volume that occur during the cardiac cycle

Question 6

blood provides the transport system of the body for ____,____, and ______. It also forms as a critical part of the body’s defense because __________? What is blood composed of?

Answer 6

oxygen, glucose, nutrients
it carries antibodies & WBC
plasma, RBC, WBC, thrombocytes (platelets)

Question 7

refers to the proportion of cells in blood & indicates the viscosity of the blood
high _____= dehydrated
low _____=bleeding or increased fluid

Answer 7

hematocrit

Question 8

_______is the clear yellowish fluid remaining after the
cells have been removed
_______ refers to the fluid & solutes remaining after the cells & fibrinogen have been removed from the plasma’

Answer 8

plasma

serum

Question 9

a pathologic condition of the blood that usually refers to disorders involving the cellular components of blood is _____

Answer 9

dyscrasia

Question 10

what is a bio-concave flexible disc that are non-nucleated when mature, contain hemoglobin, & survive 120 days?

Answer 10

erythrocytes (RBC)

Question 11

the hormone _________ originates from the kidney which stimulates RBC production in the red bone marrow in response to _____(insufficient 02 available in cells). the availability of amino acids, iron, vitamin b12/b6, and folic acid.

Answer 11

erythropoietin; hypoxia

Question 12

what cells are agranulocytes & which are granulocytes

Answer 12

a - lymphocytes, monocytes

g - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 13

what is the number of RBC count needed? how do you then calculate Hemoglobin levels, and hematocrit levels? what is this system called?

Answer 13

4-5
multiply each number by 3
>12-13 / 36-39
rule of 3’s

Question 14

when RBC become fragile and rigid it is delivered to_____or _____? here it is broken down into ____ and ____.

Answer 14

spleen, liver

globin, heme

Question 15

hemolysis means what? this than causes high elevated serum bilirubin levels which can lead to _____. this causes the skin and eyes to be the color ____.

Answer 15

destruction/breaking down RBC
jaundice
yellow

Question 16

what does a cell do within diapedesis?

Answer 16

they move through the intact capillary walls

Question 17

what are the actions of neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes?

Answer 17

N- first to respond to any tissue damage & commence phagocytosis
B- release histamine & heparin
E- allergic reactions
M- become macrophages which act as phagocytes

Question 18

what occurs within hemostasis? what are the 3 steps to achieve this?

Answer 18

process of stopping the bleed
>vasoconstrict
>platelet clots
>coagulation mechanism

Question 19

clot formation also known as ______. This requires a set of events to prevent this from bleeding. what electrolyte do we need to prevent this?

Answer 19

coagulation
tissue damage occurs – prothrombin– thrombin– fibrinogen– fibrin (trap cells)
calcium

Question 20

ABO groups are an inherited characteristic that depends on the presence of type __ or __ antigens or agglutinogens. Such an antigen-antibody reafction would also occur with an incompatible blood transfusion, resulting in agglutination which means (______ of RBCs) & hemolysis.

Answer 20

a , b

clumping

Question 21

Type O blood can give to who? receive?
Type A blood can give to who? receive?
Type B blood can give to who? receive?
Type AB blood can give to who? receive?

Answer 21

both a/b ; o
a ; o/a
b ; o/b
a/b ; o/a/b/ab

Question 22

if the mother is Rh+ then the child will be ?

Answer 22

Rh-

Question 23

leukocytosis means ? occurs in what?

leukopenia means ? occurs in what?

Answer 23

increase in WBC occurs in inflammation/infection

decrease in WBC occurs in viral infections

Question 24

what is happening within the body when they are anemic? what cell are we lacking because of this? what are s/s for this?

Answer 24

not enough oxygen which means we have low amounts of hemoglobin and the s/s are fatigue pallor dyspnea, and tachycardia

Question 25

what disorder is it when the cells are microcytic (small), and hypochromic (less color). who does it affect most? what causes this? what are some S/S.

Answer 25

iron deficiency anemia, women, low iron intake, chronic blood loss, impaired duodenal absorption of iron, pallor skin fatigue lethargy menstrual irregularities dizzy

Question 26

what type of anemia is characterized by very large, immature, nucleated RBC. this type lacks what type of vitamin? what causes this? who does it normally affect? what is a manifestation that is does to the tongue? how do we diagnose this?

Answer 26

``` pernicious anemia (megaloblastic anemia) vitamin b12 cannot absorb it blue eyed Europeans enlarged red sore shiny bone marrow aspiration ```

Question 27

what type of anemia results from impairment or failure of bone marrow leading to loss of stem cells and pancytopenia (all cells). the cause of this is _______. but three things can be a cause of this which are... if left untreated it can lead to ____.

Answer 27

aplastic anemia idiopathic myelotoxic (radiation, chemicals, drugs), viruses (hep. C), and genetic abnormalities death

Question 28

which anemia is the result of excessive destruction of RBCs which lead to low ____ count and low total _____. what are some causes for this?

Answer 28

hemolytic anemia RBC/hemoglobin infections (malaria), toxins in blood, antigen to antibody reactions (incompatible blood transfusion)

Question 29

what anemia can be inherited characteristic leads to the formation of abnormal hemoglobin. when this altered hemoglobin is deoxygenated it crystallizes & changes the shape of RBC to ____ shaped. the life span of a RBC went from 120 to __ days. this can be passed to child but both parents must be ______ recessive. mostly affect who?

Answer 29

``` sickle cell anemia sickled 20 homozygous African Americans ```

Question 30

what anemia is a result from a genetic defect in which one or more genes for hemoglobin are missing or variant. this abnormality interferes with the production of the ___ chains & therefore the amount of hemoglobin synthesized & the # of RBCs are reduced.

Answer 30

thalassemia anemia; globin

Question 31

what are some indications that blood clotting is occurring on a patient?

Answer 31

bleeding from gums, epistaxis (nose bleeds), petechiae (red spots), and purpura (bruises)

Question 32

what type of hemophilia is it when the is a deficit/abnormality of clotting factor 8? is this an inherited clotting disorder? what gene carries this? how do we treat this?

Answer 32

hemophilia A; yes; X-linked recessive trait (mom carries); desmopressin (DDAVP)

Question 33

what is it called when it is hereditary clotting disorder? this is caused by the lack of factor __ & __. some S/S are.

Answer 33

Von willebrand disease factor 7 & 8 skin rashes, nosebleeds, bruising, abnormal menstrual bleeding

Question 34

what is it called when the condition involves excessive bleeding and excessive clotting? what are some S/S. what are some complications?

Answer 34

disseminated intravascular coagulation prolonged bleeding, hemorrhage, petechiae, seizures carcinomas, major trauma

Question 35

what is happening within thrombophilia?

Answer 35

developing abnormal clots in the veins or arteries

Question 36

is the term used for diseases that involve inadequate production of cells by the bone marrow. what's a S/S for this? treatment depends on what? caused by?

Answer 36

myelodysplastic syndrome anemia deficiency type idiopathic

Question 37

-increased production of RBC and other cells in the bone marrow. -increase in RBCs that occurs in response to prolonged hypoxia & increased erythropoietin secretion What are S/S for these?

Answer 37

primary polycythemia secondary polycythemia (erythrocytosis) disattended blood vessels, sluggish blood flow, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly

Question 38

what is happening in leukemia? leukemia has two different types which are? what is the difference between them? what are the onsets for each? which is mature and immature? What are S/S? diagnose this how? treatment & complications?

Answer 38

disorder in WBC acute - affects children; abrupt; immature chronic - affects adults; insidious onset; mature bleeding, petechiae, purpura, bone pain, anemic, vomit blood smear/bone marrow biopsy opportunistic infection, sepsis, CHF, hemorrhage