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pathophysiology > chapter 10 - blood & circulatory system disorders > Flashcards

chapter 10 - blood & circulatory system disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what does the body use within the body to transport blood?

A

arteries, capillaries, & veins

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2
Q

what is the difference between pulmonary circulation & systemic circulation?

A

pulmonary- exchange of O2 & CO2 in the lungs

systemic- exchange of nutrients & wastes between blood & cells

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3
Q

arteries transport blood ____ from the heart. what are the smaller branches of arteries which control the blood flowing into the capillaries. veins transport blood _____ the heart. what are the smaller branches of veins?

A

away (deoxygenated); arterioles; towards (oxygenated); venules

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4
Q

the walls of arteries & veins are made up of what three layers?

A

tunica
>intima
>media
>adventitia/externa

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5
Q

normally the large arteries are highly elastic in order to what with blood flow?

A

adjust to the changes in blood volume that occur during the cardiac cycle

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6
Q

blood provides the transport system of the body for ____,____, and ______. It also forms as a critical part of the body’s defense because __________? What is blood composed of?

A

oxygen, glucose, nutrients
it carries antibodies & WBC
plasma, RBC, WBC, thrombocytes (platelets)

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7
Q

refers to the proportion of cells in blood & indicates the viscosity of the blood
high _____= dehydrated
low _____=bleeding or increased fluid

A

hematocrit

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8
Q

_______is the clear yellowish fluid remaining after the
cells have been removed
_______ refers to the fluid & solutes remaining after the cells & fibrinogen have been removed from the plasma’

A

plasma

serum

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9
Q

a pathologic condition of the blood that usually refers to disorders involving the cellular components of blood is _____

A

dyscrasia

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10
Q

what is a bio-concave flexible disc that are non-nucleated when mature, contain hemoglobin, & survive 120 days?

A

erythrocytes (RBC)

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11
Q

the hormone _________ originates from the kidney which stimulates RBC production in the red bone marrow in response to _____(insufficient 02 available in cells). the availability of amino acids, iron, vitamin b12/b6, and folic acid.

A

erythropoietin; hypoxia

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12
Q

what cells are agranulocytes & which are granulocytes

A

a - lymphocytes, monocytes

g - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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13
Q

what is the number of RBC count needed? how do you then calculate Hemoglobin levels, and hematocrit levels? what is this system called?

A

4-5
multiply each number by 3
>12-13 / 36-39
rule of 3’s

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14
Q

when RBC become fragile and rigid it is delivered to_____or _____? here it is broken down into ____ and ____.

A

spleen, liver

globin, heme

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15
Q

hemolysis means what? this than causes high elevated serum bilirubin levels which can lead to _____. this causes the skin and eyes to be the color ____.

A

destruction/breaking down RBC
jaundice
yellow

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16
Q

what does a cell do within diapedesis?

A

they move through the intact capillary walls

17
Q

what are the actions of neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes?

A

N- first to respond to any tissue damage & commence phagocytosis
B- release histamine & heparin
E- allergic reactions
M- become macrophages which act as phagocytes

18
Q

what occurs within hemostasis? what are the 3 steps to achieve this?

A

process of stopping the bleed
>vasoconstrict
>platelet clots
>coagulation mechanism

19
Q

clot formation also known as ______. This requires a set of events to prevent this from bleeding. what electrolyte do we need to prevent this?

A

coagulation
tissue damage occurs – prothrombin– thrombin– fibrinogen– fibrin (trap cells)
calcium

20
Q

ABO groups are an inherited characteristic that depends on the presence of type __ or __ antigens or agglutinogens. Such an antigen-antibody reafction would also occur with an incompatible blood transfusion, resulting in agglutination which means (______ of RBCs) & hemolysis.

A

a , b

clumping

21
Q

Type O blood can give to who? receive?
Type A blood can give to who? receive?
Type B blood can give to who? receive?
Type AB blood can give to who? receive?

A

both a/b ; o
a ; o/a
b ; o/b
a/b ; o/a/b/ab

22
Q

if the mother is Rh+ then the child will be ?

A

Rh-

23
Q

leukocytosis means ? occurs in what?

leukopenia means ? occurs in what?

A

increase in WBC occurs in inflammation/infection

decrease in WBC occurs in viral infections

24
Q

what is happening within the body when they are anemic? what cell are we lacking because of this? what are s/s for this?

A

not enough oxygen which means we have low amounts of hemoglobin and the s/s are fatigue pallor dyspnea, and tachycardia

25
Q

what disorder is it when the cells are microcytic (small), and hypochromic (less color). who does it affect most? what causes this? what are some S/S.

A

iron deficiency anemia, women, low iron intake, chronic blood loss, impaired duodenal absorption of iron, pallor skin fatigue lethargy menstrual irregularities dizzy

26
Q

what type of anemia is characterized by very large, immature, nucleated RBC. this type lacks what type of vitamin? what causes this? who does it normally affect? what is a manifestation that is does to the tongue? how do we diagnose this?

A 
pernicious anemia (megaloblastic anemia)
vitamin b12
cannot absorb it 
blue eyed Europeans
enlarged red sore shiny
bone marrow aspiration
27
Q

what type of anemia results from impairment or failure of bone marrow leading to loss of stem cells and pancytopenia (all cells). the cause of this is _______. but three things can be a cause of this which are… if left untreated it can lead to ____.

A

aplastic anemia
idiopathic
myelotoxic (radiation, chemicals, drugs), viruses (hep. C), and genetic abnormalities
death

28
Q

which anemia is the result of excessive destruction of RBCs which lead to low ____ count and low total _____. what are some causes for this?

A

hemolytic anemia
RBC/hemoglobin
infections (malaria), toxins in blood, antigen to antibody reactions (incompatible blood transfusion)

29
Q

what anemia can be inherited characteristic leads to the formation of abnormal hemoglobin. when this altered hemoglobin is deoxygenated it crystallizes & changes the shape of RBC to ____ shaped. the life span of a RBC went from 120 to __ days. this can be passed to child but both parents must be ______ recessive. mostly affect who?

A 
sickle cell anemia 
sickled
20
homozygous
African Americans
30
Q

what anemia is a result from a genetic defect in which one or more genes for hemoglobin are missing or variant. this abnormality interferes with the production of the ___ chains & therefore the amount of hemoglobin synthesized & the # of RBCs are reduced.

A

thalassemia anemia; globin

31
Q

what are some indications that blood clotting is occurring on a patient?

A

bleeding from gums, epistaxis (nose bleeds), petechiae (red spots), and purpura (bruises)

32
Q

what type of hemophilia is it when the is a deficit/abnormality of clotting factor 8? is this an inherited clotting disorder? what gene carries this? how do we treat this?

A

hemophilia A; yes; X-linked recessive trait (mom carries); desmopressin (DDAVP)

33
Q

what is it called when it is hereditary clotting disorder? this is caused by the lack of factor __ & __. some S/S are.

A

Von willebrand disease
factor 7 & 8
skin rashes, nosebleeds, bruising, abnormal menstrual bleeding

34
Q

what is it called when the condition involves excessive bleeding and excessive clotting? what are some S/S. what are some complications?

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation
prolonged bleeding, hemorrhage, petechiae, seizures
carcinomas, major trauma

35
Q

what is happening within thrombophilia?

A

developing abnormal clots in the veins or arteries

36
Q

is the term used for diseases that involve inadequate production of cells by the bone marrow. what’s a S/S for this? treatment depends on what? caused by?

A

myelodysplastic syndrome
anemia
deficiency type
idiopathic

37
Q

-increased production of RBC and other cells in the bone marrow.
-increase in RBCs that occurs in response to prolonged hypoxia & increased erythropoietin secretion
What are S/S for these?

A

primary polycythemia
secondary polycythemia (erythrocytosis)
disattended blood vessels, sluggish blood flow, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly

38
Q

what is happening in leukemia? leukemia has two different types which are? what is the difference between them? what are the onsets for each? which is mature and immature? What are S/S? diagnose this how? treatment & complications?

A

disorder in WBC
acute - affects children; abrupt; immature
chronic - affects adults; insidious onset; mature
bleeding, petechiae, purpura, bone pain, anemic, vomit
blood smear/bone marrow biopsy
opportunistic infection, sepsis, CHF, hemorrhage

pathophysiology (3 decks)

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