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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 9: muscular system > Flashcards

Chapter 9: muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

mus

A

mouse

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2
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated, voluntary, found in the viscera.

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3
Q

smooth muscle

A

non- striated, involuntary

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4
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated, involuntary, found only in the heart.

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5
Q

viscera

A

organs

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6
Q

intercalated discs

A

cardiac muscle cells are long branching cells that fit together tightly at junctions; promotes rapid conduction of electrical signals throughout the heart.

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7
Q

smooth muscle tone

A

helps maintain blood pressure

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8
Q

fascia

A

tough connective tissue

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9
Q

epimysium

A

outer layer of the fascia

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10
Q

perimysium

A

another layer of fascia that surrounds small bundles of muscle fibers

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11
Q

fascicles

A

bundles of muscle fibers

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12
Q

endomysium

A

connective layer that surrounds the bundles of muscle fibers

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13
Q

tendon

A

the muscle attaches to the bone

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14
Q

compartment/crush syndrome

A

crush to the muscle it can result in deprivation of oxygen and nourishment , the muscle and nerves begin to die.

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15
Q

aponeurosis

A

fascia that connects muscle to muscle or muscle to bone

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16
Q

sarcolemma

A

muscle membrane that surrounds the muscle fibers

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17
Q

transverse tubules (T tubules)

A

the cell membrane forms this through deep penetration into the interior muscle fibers

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18
Q

myofibrils

A

muscle fibers that are composed of long cylindrical structures

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19
Q

sarcomeres

A

myofibrils are made up of a series of contractile units

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20
Q

thin filament is composed of

A

two proteins called actin and the troponin-tropomyosin complex

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21
Q

Actin contains what?

A

binding sites for they myosin

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22
Q

thick myosin fulaments

A

are myosin heads

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23
Q

somatic motor nerve

A

the nerve that supplies the skeletal muscle

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24
Q

motor nerurons

A

a motor nerve, composed of many nerve cells

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25
Q

motor unit

A

consist of a single motor neuron and the muscle fibers that are supplied by the motor neuron.

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26
Q

recruitment

A

activation of additional motor units

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27
Q

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

A

is the area where the motor neuron meets the muscle

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28
Q

neurotransmitter

A

what vesicles (membrane pouches), are filled with; its a chemical substance

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29
Q

the neurotransmitter for NMJ is what?

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

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30
Q

what happens to ACh?

A

its released from the vesicles into the space between the neuron and the muscle membrane

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31
Q

what enzyme destroys the ACh?

A

acetylocholinesterase (cholinesterase)

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32
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

extreme muscle weakness; a disease that affects the NMJ; damaged receptor sites on the muscle membrane

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33
Q

myasthenia means?

A

muscle weakness

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34
Q

Curare

A

a drug classified as a skeletal muscle blocker

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35
Q

clostridum tetani

A

s bacterium that secretes a neurotoxin that causes excessive firing of motor nerves.

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36
Q

neurotoxins

A

are chemical substances that are in some way disrupt normal function of the nervous system

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37
Q

lockjaw is from what?

A

clostridium tetani

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38
Q

costriduium botulinum

A

bacteria that appears when food isn’t processed properly

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39
Q

botulism

A

a very serious form of food posioning

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40
Q

spastic paralysis

A

state of continuous contraction

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41
Q

flaccid paralysis

A

a state in which the muscles are limp and unable to contract

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42
Q

twitch

A

a single electrical stimulus is delivered to a muscle fiber, the fiber contracts then fully relaxes

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43
Q

recruitment

A

allows the whole muscle to vary its force of contraction

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44
Q

tonus is also referred to as

A

muscle tone

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45
Q

Muscle tone/tonus

A

refers to a normal continuous state of partial muscle contraction

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46
Q

myoglobin

A

is an oxygen-carrying protein found in the muscle fibers

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47
Q

muscle fatigue

A

the inability of a muscle to contract forcefully following prolonged activity

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48
Q

origin

A

the muscle attaches to the stationary bone

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49
Q

insertion

A

attaches to the more moveable bone

50
Q

prime mover

A

the chief muscle/main muscle

51
Q

synergists

A

work with other muscles/ also called helper muscles

52
Q

antagonists

A

are muscles that oppose the action of another muscle

53
Q

hypertrophy

A

overused muscles increase in size.

54
Q

atrophy

A

muscles are not used, they’ll waste away or increase in size

55
Q

disuse atrophy

A

lack of exercise cause muscles to atrophy. ex. leg in cast

56
Q

denervation atrophy

A

when nerves to the muscle are severed, which can cause atrophy

57
Q

senile atrophy

A

atrophy with age/time.

58
Q

contracture

A

is an abnormal formation of fibrous tissue within the muscle. it :freezes” the muscle in a flexed position, restricts joint mobility.

59
Q

vastus

A

huge

60
Q

maximus

A

large

61
Q

minimus

A

small

62
Q

brevis

A

short

63
Q

longus

A

long

64
Q

deltoid

A

triangular

65
Q

latissimus

A

wide

66
Q

trapezius

A

trapezoid

67
Q

rhomboideous

A

rhomboid

68
Q

teres

A

round

69
Q

rectus

A

straight

70
Q

oblique

A

diagonal

71
Q

transverse

A

across

72
Q

circularis

A

circular

73
Q

pectoarlis

A

chest

74
Q

gluteus

A

buttock

75
Q

brachii

A

arm

76
Q

supra

A

above

77
Q

infra

A

below

78
Q

sub

A

underneath

79
Q

lateralis

A

lateral

80
Q

biceps

A

2

81
Q

triceps

A

3

82
Q

quadriceps

A

4

83
Q

frontalis

A

flat muscle that covers the frontal bone. it makes the eyebrows move

84
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

is a sphincter muscle that encircles the eyes

85
Q

sphincter

A

a ring shaped muscle that controls the size of an opening

86
Q

levator palpebrae superioris

A

the muscle elevates the eyelid

87
Q

orbicularis oris

A

is a sphincter muscle that encircles the mouth; assists in closing mouth, forming words.

88
Q

buccinator

A

a muscle that requires compression of cheeks, sucking, whistling, and playing the trumpet.

89
Q

zygomaticus

A

a smiling muscle

90
Q

platysma

A

pouting muscle

91
Q

mastication

A

chewing

92
Q

massester

A

closes the jaw with help from temporalis muscle

93
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

extends from sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of the temporal bone in the skull

94
Q

torticollis/wryneck

A

muscle spasm caused by the contraction of one muscle cause the head to rotate forward the opposite direction.

95
Q

scalene

A

these three muscles help flex the nexk

96
Q

intercostal muscles

A

are located between the rubs

97
Q

diaphragm

A

dome-shaped muscle. chief muscle of inhalation, breathing in phase of respiration.

98
Q

rectus abdominis

A

run in a up and down or longitudinal direction

99
Q

external oblique

A

make up lateral walls of the abdomen. fibers run obliquely/ slanted

100
Q

internal oblique

A

these abdominal muscles form a criss-cross pattern

101
Q

transverse abdominis

A

these abdominal muscles run across/horizontally

102
Q

TIRE

A

transversus
internal
rectus
external

103
Q

linea alba

A

extends from sternum to the pubic bone

104
Q

erector spinae

A

extends the length of the vertebral columnfrom the sacrum to the cranium

105
Q

serratus anterior

A

sides of the chest and extends from the upper ribs to the scapula

106
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

a large broad muscle located in the middle and lower back region

107
Q

deltoid

A

rounded portion of shoulder blade

108
Q

teres major

A

a long round muscle that has its origin on the scapula and inserts on the humerus

109
Q

rotator cuff muscles

A

group of 4 muscles that attach the humerus to the scapula

110
Q

rotator cuff muscles names

A

subscapularis
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor

111
Q

impingement syndrome/ rotator cuff injury

A

caused by repetitive overhead motions. common among swimmers, and pitchers

112
Q

carpal tunnel syndrome

A

caused my repetitive motion of the hand and fingers; causes inflamed tissues

113
Q

cramp

A

a painful involuntary, skeletal muscle contraction

114
Q

fibromyositis

A

charley horse; refers to pain and tenderness in the fibromusclar tissue of the thighs; caused by strain or muscle tear

115
Q

flatfoot

A

abnormal flatness of the sole and the arch of the foot

116
Q

frozen shoulder

A

shoulder become stiff and painful.

117
Q

hypertonia

A

increased muscle tone causing spasticity or rigidity

118
Q

myalgia

A

pain or tenderness of the muscles

119
Q

myopathy

A

any disease not associated with the nervous system

120
Q

plantar fasciitis

A

inflammation at the heel bone

Anatomy & Physiology (3 decks)

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