Chapter 9 Modern Homo sapiens and the Upper Paleolithic

Question 1

Who are the oldest people on earth today?

Answer 1

San people because their language (sounds complex) and their genetic markers (Y-chromosomes) date somewhere between 80-100k

Question 2

What are the 3 competing Origin theories?

Answer 2

1) Recent African Origins (complete replacement)
2) Multi-regional Hypothesis
3) Partial Replacement Model

Question 3

Recent African Origins (complete replacement)

Answer 3

• H.erectus migrated out of Africa 1.9 mya and evolved regionally into archaic h.sapians
• a new population of Modern Homo sapiens evolved only in Africa almost 200,000 ya
• as they migrated out of Africa they completely replaced the archaic Homo sapiens in Europe and Asia.

Question 4

Partial Replacement Model

Answer 4

• H.erectus migrated out of Africa 1.9 mya and evolved regionally in archaic H.sapiens
• anatomical moderns arose in Africa in the last 200,000 yrs
• moving into Eurasia, modern humans hybridized with resident archaic groups, eventually replacing

Question 5

Multi-regional Evolution

Answer 5

• H.erectus migrated out of Africa 1.9 mya and evolved regionally into arcahic H.sapiens
• Old world populations continued evolutionary development into anatomically modern humans (REGIONALLY)

Question 6

What are some problems with the Multi-regional Evolution theory?

Answer 6

-once Erectus groups left Africa, everyone evolved the same (it would have to be gene flow)

Question 7

According to the Multi-regional theory who would be the Last Common Ancestor?

Answer 7

According to this model the last common ancestor would have to be African erectus

Question 8

According to the Recent African Origins hypothesis who would be the Last Common Ancestor?

Answer 8

The last common ancestor would be modern humans, as they migrated out of Africa over the last 60,000 yrs they completely replaced H.sapiens in Europe and Asia.

Question 9

What skull is the prototype for modern Europeans?

Answer 9

(France)

• 35,000 years before present
• probably descended from an East African Origin via Central Asia and the Middle East (DNA)

Question 10

How do cro-magnons resemble modern humans?

Answer 10

They resemble them in braincase shape, high broad forehead, narrow nasal openings, and common presence of chins.

Question 11

How are cro-magnons similar to Neandertals?

Answer 11

Their brow ridges are a bit more prominent, their teeth and large jaws and some display an occipital bun.

Question 12

What is significance about Kow Swamp, Australia?

Answer 12

14,000-9,000 years before present.

Due to genetic isolation these modern humans kept their Archaic features.

Question 13

Upper Paleolithic “Recent Old Stone Age”

Answer 13

40-10,000 ya

• tools took over cutting, softening, and clamping functions
• overall technological improvements reduced selective pressures that had favored massive, robust bodies.

Question 14

When was pressure flaking used?

Answer 14

In the Upper Paleolithic Era, pressure flaking was used to press off small flakes as the final step in stone tool making.

Question 15

What types of tools could be made using the pressure flaking technique?

Answer 15

• Solutrean tools of Europe were made

- eyed needles and harpoons began to made out of bone as well

Question 16

What were new tools invented during the Upper Paleolithic Era?

Answer 16

• spear throwers (added efficiency)
• nets made from fibers of wild plants
• bow and arrow

Question 17

What were Paleolithic huts usually made out of?

Answer 17

The example in class showed an upper Paleolithic hut with walls of interlocked mammoth bones.

Question 18

How is art displayed in the Upper Paleolithic time period?

Answer 18

• carvings in tool handles
• statues
• cave art
• bone flutes and whistles (30 kbp)

Question 19

When did the spread of Upper Paleolithic peoples arrive in Australia and New Guinea?

Answer 19

60-50kbp arrived in Australia and New Guinea