Chapter 9: Mental Health Flashcards
1
Q
Mental Wellness Definitions
A
- Self-efficacy: One’s belief they can achieve a desired goal.
- Autonomy: Independence, internal locus of control.
- Asserting oneself: Recognizing feelings and making needs and desires clear to others.
- Connectedness: People who feel connected to others tend to be healthier physically and psychologically.
- Overcoming Loneliness: developing skills to fulfill our own potential and learning to reach out to others.
- Facing Social Anxiety: Ability to identify negative thoughts and then analyze and challenge them.
2
Q
Mental Disorder
A
A persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behaviour, thoughts or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment
3
Q
Mental Disorder Statistics
A
- Currently affects 450 million globally (WHO)
- 1 in 4 individuals will experience a mental disorder in their lifetime
- Many categories:
- -Anxiety disorders (~12% of Canadians)
- -Phobic disorders (~12%)
- -Depressive and Bipolar (Mood) disorders (~15-20%)
- -Suicide
- -Psychotic disorders (e.g. Schizophrenia; 1%)
4
Q
Anxiety Disorder: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
A
- Chronic, irrational worry about daily events (work, social relationships, finances)
- Extreme agitation, fatigue, feelings of sadness and depression; nausea, trembling, muscle tension, headache
- ~6% of North Americans
- Benzodiazepines, antidepressants
5
Q
Anxiety Disorder: Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
A
- Obsessions (e.g. cleanliness)
- Compulsions (e.g. ‘must keep everything clean”)
- Rituals (e.g. Lysol in diagonal motion, vinegar in circular motion)
- 2% of North Americans
- “Trapped in a loop”
6
Q
Anxiety Disorder: Panic Disorder
A
- Recurrent panic attacks without warning
- Chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, feeling of impending doom
- Agoraphobia: Avoiding social situations (e.g. riding the bus) for fear of panic attack and not being able to escape
7
Q
Anxiety Disorder: Phobias
A
- Marked, persistent, excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities or situations
- -Social phobias: paralyzing fear related to social situations
- -Specific phobias: e.g. fear of spiders, heights, the dark, water
- -Can cause extreme anxiety and panic
- -12% of North Americans will develop a phobia
- -Preparedness Theory
8
Q
Anorexia Nervosa
A
-Anorexia = loss of appetite
-Associated with
–an intense fear of becoming fat
feeling that food is the enemy
–purging/over exercising to control weight
– distorted body image
–belief that thinness = beauty and/or perfection
-Can cause long term effects if it occurs during adolescence
-Leading mortal psychiatric disorder
9
Q
Bulimia Nervosa
A
- Bulimia means “Great hunger”
- Binge eating followed by purging
- Involves:
- -Binging until food runs out or abdominal discomfort forces an individual to stop
- -Feeling ashamed, disgusted, and fearful of weight gain; purging
- Erosion of tooth enamel, damage to esophogus, dehydration, disturbed electrolyte balance
10
Q
Binge Eating Disorder
A
- Episodes of binge eating
- -Eating food (2hr period) that is larger than most people would eat in similar period
- -Lack of control during episode
- Associated with:
- -Eating more rapidly
- -Eating until feeling uncomfortably full
- -Large amounts when not physically hungry
- -Eating alone
- -Feeling depressed after overeating
11
Q
Depression/Depressive Disorders
A
- Symptoms include:
- -Feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, extreme guilt
- -Disturbed sleep; changes in eating patters
- -Fatigue
- -anhedonia (inability to feel pleasure)
- -Inability to enjoy life; suicidal thoughts
- Major Depressive Disorder
- Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
- Postpartum Depression
- Associated with imbalance of serotonin, other hormones
12
Q
Bipolar Disorder
A
- Bipolar disorder (formerly manic depressive)
- -Periods of depression, followed by mania
- -Mania: extreme euphoria, rapid speech, lack of need to sleep
- -Affects ~1% of Canadians
- -Typically starts in adolescence/early adulthood
- -Treatments vary but are similar to depression
13
Q
Suicide
A
- 2nd leading cause of death for 15-34 year olds
- Often associated with depressive disorders
- Feelings of hopelessness, rejection, lack of self-worth
- Often associated with major life crises
- 4x more likely in men
- 6x times higher among aboriginal youth
- 15% of North American adults report considering suicide at some point
14
Q
Schizophrenia
A
- A psychotic (break from reality) disorder that profoundly impairs one’s sense of reality
- Onset is typically between age 16-30
- Complex set of causal factors
- Genetics may predispose
- Social isolation, drug use, traumatic event(s) may exacerbate/ accelerate progression
- Sometimes involves catatonia
- Sometimes involves multiple personalities
- Occurs in ~1% of the population
15
Q
Schizophrenia Symptoms
A
- Positive (symptoms present that should be absent)
- -Hallucinations (auditory, visual, taste)
- -Delusions (patently false beliefs, e.g. I am Joan of Arc)
- -Disorganized speech (“…I am taking a mental rest after a carter assignment of quill. You know, a penwrap. […] I am made of flesh and blood. See?”
- -Grossly disorganized behaviour (childlike silliness, masturbation in public)
- Negative (symptoms absent that should be present)
- -Lack of motivation
- -Blunted feelings
- -Depression
- -Social withdrawal
16
Q
3 Types of Therapists
A
- Psychiatrists: medical doctors, can prescribe drugs
- Psychologists: have a graduate degree, cannot prescribe drugs
- Social Workers: have an undergraduate/ master’s degree and a license
17
Q
5 Types of Therapies
A
- Psychotherapy: counselling via various techniques
- Psychodynamic psychotherapy: examines past experiences and how they affect current behaviour
- Interpersonal therapy: focuses on relationships to resolve unrecognized feelings
- Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT): variety of techniques work towards changing negative patterns of thought and action into positive ones
- Psychiatric Drug Therapy: prescription drugs
- -act on compromised neural pathways
- -e.g. serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
18
Q
General Adaptation Syndrome
A
- Humans experience many different stressors, or things that cause stress. These stressors include:
- -Psychological stressors: anxiety, fear, excitement, or even joy
- -Physiological stressors: pain, cold, exercise, hunger, trauma
- -Environmental stressors: pollution, noise, poverty, and prejudice
19
Q
Distress vs Eustress
A
- Distress= negative stress
- -Too much or too little stress
- –Too much can deplete energy
- –Too little doesn’t promote positive growth
- Eustress= positive stress
- -Right Amount of stress
- –Allows us to grow, adapt, create
20
Q
Acute effects of stress
A
- Breathing quickens
- -Lungs become more susceptible to colds and infections
- -Immune system is suppressed
- Brain becomes more alert
- -Stress can contribute to headaches, anxiety, depression
- -Sleep can be disrupted
- Heart rate increases
- Adrenal glands produce stress hormones
- Digestive system slows down
- -Stress can cause upset stomachs
- Muscles tense
- -Muscular twitches or “nervous tics” can result.
21
Q
Chronic effects of stress
A
- Cortisol increases glucose production in the liver, causing renal hypertension
- Brain becomes more alert
- -Stress hormones can damage the brain’s ability to remember and cause neurons to atrophy and die
- Baseline anxiety level can increase
- Heart rate increases
- -Persistently increased blood pressure and heart rate can lead to potential for blood clotting and increase the risk of stroke and heart attack
- Adrenal glands produce stress hormones
- -Cortisol and other stress hormones can increase appetite and thus body fate
22
Q
Stress Hazards to Physical Health
A
- Minor changeable risk factor for CVD
- Stress hormones epinephrine, cortisol released
- -Cortisol associated with abdominal obesity
- HR, BP, breathing, muscle tenseness, and brain alertness are all increased (may be +ve in short term)
- Digestive and immune -system function practically shut down
23
Q
3 general approaches to stress
A
- Change the stressor
- Remove yourself from the stressor
- Change your response to the stressor
