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BPK 140 Final > Chapter 12: Fertility Management > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Fertility Management Flashcards

1
Q

How Sperm Travels

A

-Testes → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Urethra → Exits → Vagina → Cervix → Uterus → Uterine tubes (fertilisation) → Ovaries

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2
Q

Natural Birth Control Methods

A
  • Abstinence
  • Outercourse
  • Hugging, kissing, cuddling, touching, and manual stimulation
  • Coitus interruptus (“withdrawal”)
  • Not Recommended as a means of birth control!
  • Fertility Awareness: Abstinence ~9-13 days/cycle
  • Cervical-mucus/ovulation method
  • Calendar/rhythm method
  • Basal-body-temperature method
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3
Q

Nonprescription Contraceptive: Male Condom

A
  1. Pinch/twist the tip of the condom, leaving one-half inch at tip to catch semen
  2. Holding tip, unroll the condom
  3. Unroll the condom until it reaches pubic hairs
    - Pro: contraceptive that provides the best protection against STIs
    - Con: can interrupt activity; some people are allergic to latex
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4
Q

Nonprescription Contraceptive: Female Condom

A
  • pro: can be inserted well before intercourse, provides protection against STIs
  • con: can be noisy, or move or be uncomfortable
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5
Q

Nonprescription Contraceptive: Spermicide

A
  • pro: inexpensive, readily available

- con: needs to be inserted 10-20 minutes before intercourse; lower efficacy; doesn’t protect against STIs

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6
Q

Nonprescription Contraceptive: Contraceptive Sponge

A
  • pro: can insert right before or up to several hours before intercourse
  • con: doesn’t protect against STIs(may increase HIV risk)
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7
Q

Emergency Contraception: Morning After Pill

A

• ‘Morning after Pill’, ‘Plan B’
– No longer requires a prescription; available at most
drugstores
– Can be used up to 5 days following unprotected sex (or ‘failed protection’ sex; within 72h ideal)
– The sooner it is used, the more effective it is
– Reduces risk of pregnancy by 75% (not 100%)!
– Side effects: nausea/vomiting, irregular bleeding, fatigue, headache, dizziness, tender breasts
– Should definitely not be used as a primary means of contraception!

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8
Q

Prescription Contraceptive: The Pill

A

-28 day cycle; during menstruation
• Hormonal:
– “The Pill’; contraceptive ring; patch; implants; intrauterine Device
• mimic pregnancy hormones,tricking the body into thinking it is pregnant so an egg is not released
• prevents development of endometrium, thickens cervical mucus

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9
Q

Prescription Contraceptive: Injectable Contraceptive

A
  • Body thinks you’re pregnant for up to 3 months
  • pro: 3 months of protection; very effective
  • con: doesn’t protect against STIs
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10
Q

Prescription Contraceptive: Contraceptive Patch

A
  • slow release of the hormone you put it on for a week to take it off with another one on for a week and you just keep doing that week by week
  • pro: effective, protects against some cancers
  • con: doesn’t protect against STIs; side effects
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11
Q

Prescription Birth Control: Hormonal Ring

A
  • Hormonal Ring: fits over the cervix, this allows has a slow release of hormones
  • Pro: 3 weeks protection at time; shorter; lighter periods
  • Con: doesn’t protect against STI’s; may be side effects
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12
Q

Prescription Birth Control: Diaphragm

A
  • Diaphragm: fits over the cervix so this another barrier for the sperm so the sperm cannot pass across so you have this cream or gel which allows it to stick to the cervix so you’re blocking the opening for the sperm to enter so protects about 6 hours plus or minus
  • Pro: insert 2-3 hours prior to intercourse; lasts 6 hours
  • Con: more expensive, cervix are different shape:has to be fitted, can be moved out of place
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13
Q

Prescription Birth Control: Contraceptive Jelly

A
  • Contraceptive jelly: you place it in your vagina and fits on the cervix
  • Pro: Insert several hours prior to intercourse; protects for 48 hours max
  • Con: More expensive, cannot be removed 68 after it’s been put on
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14
Q

Implanted Contraceptive: IUDs

A 
• Typically hormonal
• Prevents implantation/Fertilization
	 fits into the uterus so 1 and of each of is beside the the Fallopian tubes as they enter the uterus they move around and prevent the implantation so you have a fertilized egg but when it arrives in the uterus it doesn't develop into a into a fetus
• Pros:
– Lasts approx. 3-5 years
– May stop menstruation
– Effective immediately
• Cons:
– Expensive $100/300+
– Needs to be inserted by a
professional
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15
Q

Permanent Contraception: Female Sterilization (Tubal Ligation)

A
  • Get fallopian tubes and tie off the end of tube
  • This creates an incision and then cauterize it, so its closed or tie it off
  • Results in no or little ova released from ovaries
  • If you want to get rid of chance or preg, major surgical procedure.
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16
Q

Permanent Contraception: Male Sterilization (Vasectomy)

A
  • Less onerous than female sterilization; no major surgery
    1. Vas deferens is located
    2. Small incision in scrotum exposes the vas
    3. Small section of vas is removed and ends are cut and cauterized
    4. Incision is closed
    5. Steps 1-4 are repeated on the other side
  • Results in sperm not being allowed to enter
17
Q

Abortion: Termination of Pregnancy

A

• 9 Weeks: Abortion Pill
• Up to 16 weeks: Vacuum Aspiration
• After 16 weeks (up to 23 weeks): Dilation
and Evacuation
• Abortions after 24 weeks are not normally
preformed unless there are emergency
circumstances

• In Canada: Legal, and governed by the
Canada Health Act
• MSP covers cost of abortions in BC
• Abortion remains a social controversy, with
both ‘pro-choice’ and ‘pro-life’ advocates
having very strong views of their respective
sides
• A majority of Canadians identify as ProChoice

18
Q

Nutrition/Health During Pregnancy

A

• Take folic acid
– prevents neural tube defects (e.g. spina bifida)
– decreases risk of miscarriage by 80%
– if you don’t have folic acid then the spinal cord will not be wrapped up in time inside the the spine and so you have an exposed cord on the outside to see what was called that spina bifida paint or neural tube defect and that could cause aor are you can have a person a baby born with this this defect and then causes a number of physical disabilities
–May take folic acid supplement
• Avoid smoking, alcohol, fish high in mercury,
raw fish, undercooked meat
• Food intake should be increased by 2-3
servings per day
– avoid excess weight gain: eat normal sized portions, but extra portions so fetus receives enough nutrients

19
Q

Activity During Pregnancy

A

• Regular moderate exercise decreases complications during and after pregnancy
– Don’t start an intense exercise program while pregnant unless supervised by a professional
• Physical activity decreases weight gain
– May help prevent gestational diabetes
– Mothers who gain a considerable amount of weight increase the risk of weight management issues for their offspring
• Sexual activity and intercourse is safe

20
Q

What happens during childbirth

A
  1. The cervix is partially dilated and the baby’s head has entered the birth canal
  2. The cervix is nearly completely dilated. The Baby’s head rotates so that it can move through the birth canal
  3. The baby’s head extends as it reaches the vaginal opening, and the head and rest of the body pass through the birth canal
  4. After baby is born, the placenta detaches from uterus and is expelled from woman’s body
21
Q

Breastfeeding

A 
• Decreases child’s risk of cardiovascular
disease, obesity, diabetes, autoimmune
diseases, and allergies
• Increases child’s immunity
--Gives antibodies
• Increases bonding between mother and
child
• Helps healing after giving birth
--Reduces pregnancy say around 2-9% instead of 25%
• A natural form of birth control
22
Q

Alternative fertility options

A
  • Assisted Reproductive Technology (FertilityTreatment): Uses hormones to increase sperm count
  • Sperm Donor or Surrogate
  • Intrauterine Insemination
  • Tubal Microsurgery
  • Hormone therapy
  • In Vitro Fertilization

BPK 140 Final (5 decks)

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