Chapter 9: Memory Flashcards
What is the difference between learning and memory?
Learning = acquisition of new info
Memory = outcome of learning
What are the three stages of processing?
- Encoding = acquisition + consolodation
- Storage = retention
- Retrieval = access to storage
What is the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia?
Retrograde: loss of memory before the lesion
Anterograde: not able to form new memories after the lesion
- Problems with encoding or consolidation
What does Ribot’s law say?
Retrograde amnesia is greatest for recent memories, since they are less consolidated
What are the two subcategories of long-term memory?
Declarative (explicit: semantic/episodic)
Non-declarative (implicit: procedural, classical conditioning, perceptual priming, nonassociative learning (reflexes))
What are the four classes of memory?
- Sensory memory
- Short term memory
- Working memory
- Long term memory
What are the two types of sensory memory and what are they? Explain persistence in both types
- Echoic memory: auditory input
- Persistence: unattended input stays like an echo up to 10 seconds - Iconic memory: visual input
- Persistence: unattended input is like an afterimage
- Partially accessed with partial report
According to the modal model, where do attention and rehearsal move items from and to? And how is information lost?
What is evidence against the modal model?
Attention: sensory to short-term
Rehearsal: short-term to long-term
Information is lost through interference and decay
Evidence against: double dissociation between short vs. long term memory. Encoding in long term memory doesn’t have to be serial processed through short-term memory
What’s the difference between working and short-term memory?
Working memory is important of maintenance + manipulation of information
Short-term memory is the store, working memory gets its information from
How does the model of working memory work according to Baddeley and Hitch? Which two short-term memory stores are there and what are their functions?
Working memory is central executive and organizes and determines information
Two stores:
1. Phonological loop: verbal working memory for auditory input
2. Visuospatial sketchpad: for visual and spacial input
Is it harder to multitask within one store compared to two stores of working memory (phonological loop + visuospatial sketchpad)?
It’s harder to multitask in one store at a time. The same neural circuit will be used for this.
What are the 4 subcategories of non-declarative memory?
- Habituation/sensitization
- Conditioning
- Perceptual priming
- Procedural memory
What is procedural memory? What happens in the stage of later learning?
Motor skill learning
- practice and structure lead to faster responses
- intact in anterograde amnesia
Later learning: less activity in motor skill learning network (PM, SMA, cerebellum, basal ganglia) because of reduced need of correction
What is perceptual priming?
Change of processing of stimulus because of prior exposure to that or a related stimulus
What are three types of priming?
- Perceptual: full or partial repetition primes objects/words
- Lasts long - Conceptual: cue is conceptually related to prime
- not long lasting - Semantic: prime and target are different stimuli from the same category, works through associative networks
- not long lasting
What are the two types of declarative memory? Where does encoding for both types take place?
- Episodic: events
- Detailed sensory information
- Encoding in MTL in hippocampus - Semantic: facts
- No learning context included
- Encoding MTL in lateral anterior temporal lobe
What is the consequence of damage to MTL?
Impaired encoding of memories. Storage is not impaired
What is semantic dementia?
Isolated retrograde amnesia in anterior temporal lobe. Loss of semantic knowledge
Episodic memory is intact
Where is the main storage of long-term memory and what part is involved in memory retrieval?
Storage: neocortex
Retrieval: MTL
What is the difference between episodic recollection and familiarity-based non-episodic recognition? Where does each act find its origin?
Episodic recollection: identifying item as encountered before + context
- Hippocampus
Familiarity-based non-episodic recognition: identifying item as being familiar
- Perirhinal cortex
When does the hippocampus fire during retrieval and encoding of episodic recollection? What is the subsequent memory paradigm?
It fires when there is correct episodic recollection.
Subsequent memory paradigm = analysis tool to investigate brain response after correct episodic recollection
What areas does retrieval of episodic memories activate?
Sensory association cortex
What regions are activated by true memories and what regions are activated by false memories?
True: hippocampus + sensory cortex
False: frontoparietal areas
What are the two theories of episodic memory consolidation?
- Standard theory of consolidation
- Multiple trace theory
What is the standard theory of consolidation?
Hippocampus binds event info across neocortex
Repetition causes cortical connections, not involving hippocampus
What is the multiple trace theory?
Episodic memory relies on hippocampus for retrieval and repetition of retrieval creates new memory traces involving the hippocampus
What is Hebb’s law and what is the relationship with long term potentiation (LTP)?
Cells that fire together, wire togethe
Strenghtening of synapses when a weak and strong input act on a neuron at the same time. = Long term potentiation
Strenghtening and weakening of synapses can encode information
What is the relationship between long term depression and long term potentiation?
Low-frequency bursts of LTP lead to weakening of synapses
