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Brain and Cognition > Chapter 10: Emotions > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Emotions Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three components of emotion?

A
  1. Subjective feeling/experience
  2. Physiological pattern
  3. Behavioral response
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2
Q

What is stress?

A

Pattern of physiological and hormonal changes(cortisol) that disrupt homeostasis and activate sympathetic nervous system

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3
Q

What is mood?

A

Long lasting diffuse state that is characterized by enduring subjective feelings without identifiable object/trigger

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4
Q

What is the difference between the Papez circuit and the limbic system?

A

Papez circuit:
- Hypothalamus
- Anterior thalamus
- Cingulate gyrus
- Hippocampus

Limbic system:
- All above
- Amygdala
- Orbitofrontal cortex
- Parts of basal ganglia

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5
Q

What is the consequence of amygdala lesions?

A

No recognition of fear, but do understand what fear is

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6
Q

What is the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and what role does it play?

A

Coordinating emotional responses, lays in the midbrain

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7
Q

What are three categories of emotions?

A
  1. Basic emotions: reflected by face expression, carved by evolution
  2. Complex emotions: combinations of basic emotions, socially or culturally learned
  3. Dimensional theories of emotions: emotions that are the same but vary along dimensions (intense to mild)
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8
Q

What are basic emotions?

A

Innate emotions that are similar across humans and some animals. They are expressed with facial expressions. Can be for a short period of time.

Produce physical changes in the body and are produced by subcortical circuits

Also exist in congenitally blind people

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9
Q

What are complex emotions?

A

Combinations of basic emotions, such as jealousy and parental love. They have an extended duration and can be goal-directed

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10
Q

What two factors describe dimensional theories of emotion? What happens with mixed feelings?

A
  1. Valence: positive/negative or pleasant/unpleasant
  2. Arousal: intensity of response

Mixed feelings: Positive and negative emotions happen at the same time. Positive releases dopamine, negative releases norepinephrine

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11
Q

What is the James-Lange Theory of emotion?

A

Serial processing of:
1. Conscious perception of stimulus
2. Physiological response
3. Behavioral response
4. Cognition: interpretation of physiological response
5. Subjective emotional feeling

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12
Q

What is the Cannon Bard Theory of emotion?

A

Parallel processing of:
1: Perception of stimulus
2: Thalamus:
- Cortex produces emotional feeling
- Hypothalamus activates sympathetic nervous system
3/4 physiological response + behavioral response

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13
Q

What is the Lazarus/appraisal theory?

A
  1. Perception
  2. Cognition (quick risk-benefit appraisal)
  3. Emotional feeling
  4. Behavioral response
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14
Q

What is the Singer-Schachter theory?

A
  1. Perception
  2. Physiological response (arousal)
  3. Behavioral response
  4. Cognition: evaluating environment and physiological response
  5. Emotional feeling
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15
Q

What is the difference between Singer-Schachter theory and James-Lange theory?

A

SS theory: conscious reasoning for interpretation of situation and it combines arousal with context

JL theory: unconscious reasoning

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16
Q

What are LeDoux fast and slow roads to emotion?

A
  1. Slow
    - Includes V1
    - Conscious emotional feeling
  2. Fast
    - From thalamus directly to amygdala
    - Fight/flight system for defensive behavior
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17
Q

What are the 3 main complexes of the amygdala and their respective functions?

A
  1. Basolateral nuclear complex (La+B): connection sensory input to striatum to control actions in the face of threat
  2. Centromedial complex (Ce): control innate emotional behaviors
  3. Cortical nucleus (Co): involved in olfaction and modulates memory formation
18
Q

What is the kluver-bucy syndrome? What happens in the case its unilateral?

A

Temporal lobe surgically removed because of epilepsy

Results in:
- Hypersexuality
- No fear response
- Abusive, violent behavior
- Approaching dangerous objects

If unilateral, you can still process fear

19
Q

What is the function of the amygdala? Name 4 things

A
  1. Protection (detect + avoid)
  2. What to do with a stimulus (attention, perception, decision making)
  3. Identification fear expression
  4. Experiencing fear
20
Q

What’s the difference between amygdala and hippocampus lesions?

A

Amygdala: implicit expression of emotional learning

Hippocampus: necessary for explicit knowledge of emotional properties

20
Q

What is for example a UCS and a CS in fear conditioning? What happens with fear conditioning when there are lesions to the amygdala?

A

Fear conditioning:
- UCS: painful, CS: light
- No fear conditioning with lesions to amygdala

20
Q

Explain the high and low roads of fear-conditioning

A
  1. High: cortical
    - Identify stimulus –> evaluation –> action
  2. Low: subcortical
    - Evolutionary shortcut thalamus to amygdala
    - Ability to act quickly
21
Q

What is the difference between explicit and implicit fear learning? What structures support each form of learning?

A

Implicit: fear conditioning
- Amygdala

Explicit: learning to fear something because we are told to do so
- Hippocampus

22
Q

What is emotional tagging?

A

Insignificant events before an emotional event are often remembered

23
Q

What is the relationship between stress and memory?

A

Stress can facilitate memory

24
Q

What happens with damage to OFC and amygdala?

A

Increased risk taking. No feedback from somatic markers to help guide in decision making

25
Q

What are somatic markers?

A

Changes in physiological arousal that guide decisionmaking in orbitofrontal cortex

26
Q

What is the relationship between emotion and perception? What is attentional blink?

A

If there is an emotionally significant stimulus, people tend to notice it

Attentional blink = Stimuli are shortly presented so they are hard to identify. This impairs perceptual report

27
Q

Does the amygdala react more to novel or familiar stimuli?

A

More to novel stimuli, independent of valence and arousal

28
Q

Where is the insula/insular cortex located?

A

In sylvian fissure between temporal and frontal lobes

29
Q

What is the function of the anterior insula and posterior insula? Name 4 other functions of the insula.

A

Anterior: knowing we experience emotions

Posterior: feelings of sexual desire

Other functions:
- interoception: perception of internal bodily states (thirst, itch)
- evaluative decisions: more risk generates more activity
- perception (positive) emotions in others
- house of all emotions

30
Q

What is the difference between the amygdala and the insula?

A

Amygdala: selective role in affective arousal and mainly negative stimuli

Insula: broad role in integrating affective and cognitive processes

31
Q

Where is disgust located and why does this region respond so heavily to it?

A

Located in insula
- Heavy respond because insula also perceives internal bodily states

32
Q

What is likely to happen when you have a larger right insula?

A

Better at detecting own heartbeat, more aware of emotions and more likely to make decisions based on emotional reactions

33
Q

Where does happiness produce a strong activation?

A

Dorsolateral PFC, cingulate cortex, inferior temporal gyrus and cerebellum

34
Q

What is the similarity between happiness and sadness?

A

Both processed in the same network

35
Q

What is flow?

A

Process of having an optimal experience. When you are so into something, you forget about everything else.

36
Q

What neurotransmitter is important for love? What are the 3 types of love and what brain network do they use?

A

Dopamine

  1. Passionate: subcortical + high order brain areas related with cognitive functions
  2. Maternal: overlaps with passionate love + PAG that has connections to maternal bonding receptors
  3. Unconditional
37
Q

What is the difference between reappraisal and suppression of emotions?

A

Reappraisal = reinterpreting a stimulus or situation (antecedent focused)

Suppression = inhibiting emotion expressive behavior during a situation (response focused)

38
Q

What is the consequence of conscious reappraisal?

A

Reduction of emotional experience and decrease of negative emotions. It leads to increase in PFC activity

39
Q

What is affective flexibility? What is the negativity bias of the amygdala?

A

Amygdala is flexible in processing relevance of stimuli depending on a person’s goals and motivation

If you don’t want to gamble and you do, amygdala is more active.
If you want to win and you win, amygdala becomes more active

Negativity bias: It’s less flexible for negative stimuli

Brain and Cognition (11 decks)

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