Chapter 9 Mechanisms And Characteristics If Musculoskeletal And Nevrve Trauma Flashcards
Tissue properties
.Load
•An external force acting on the body causing internal reactions within the tissues
–Stiffness
•Ability of a tissue to resist a load
•Greater stiffness = greater magnitude load can resist
–Stress
•Internal resistance to a load
–Strain
•Internal change in tissue (i.e. length) resulting in deformation
Different Tissue loading types
Compression
•Crush: two forces applied towards one another
Tension
•Force that pulls and stretches tissue
Shearing
•Force that moves across the parallel organization of tissue (compression and rotary components)
Bending
•4 point
•3 point
•Axial loading
Torsion
•Twisting in opposite directions from opposite ends
•Shear stress will be perpendicular and parallel to the loads
Trauma
.physical injury or wound, produced by internal or external force
Acute versus chronic injuries
Acute: direct blow
Chronic (overuse) develop over time, repetitive use
Defined based on mechanism of injury
Mechanism of injury
MOI
Muscle Strains
-Stretch, tear or rip to muscle or adjacent tissue
–Range from small separation to complete tendinous avulsion or muscle rupture
–Lengthy healing time (6-8 wks)
–Often involve large, force-producing muscles
–Easily reinjured
Grade I
–Some fibers stretched or torn
–Tenderness and pain with active motion
–Full range of motion (ROM) present
•Grade II
–Greater number of fibers torn
–Tenderness and pain with active motion
–Palpable depression or divot
–Swelling and discoloration
–Somewhat limited ROM
•Grade III
–Complete rupture of muscle or musculotendinous junction
–Significant impairment, with initially a great deal of pain that diminishes due to nerve damage
Types of muscle trauma
Strains Cramps guarding Spasms Soreness Myofascial trigger points Muscle contusions Muscle atrophy and contracture
Muscle Cramps
.Painful involuntary skeletal muscle contraction
–Occurs when muscle is in shortened position
-usually experienced at night or at rest
Muscle soreness
-overextension in exercise resulting in muscular pain
-Acute-onset: transient pain experienced immediately after exercise (overexertion)
–Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS): 24-48 hrs after activity
–Prevent soreness through gradual build up of intensity
Muscle contusions
-MOI: sudden blow to body
–Deep (hematoma)
–Superficial (ecchymosis)
–Chronic: myositis ossificans
•Calcium deposits within tissue
•Prevention through protection with paddingMuscle Guarding
.Involuntary muscle contraction in response to pain following injury
•Muscles in effected area contract to splint the area in an effort to minimize pain by limiting motion
Myofascial trigger points
.Hypersensitive nodule –Develop due to stress –Latent •Restricts motion, aware when pressure is applied –Active •Causes pain at rest and tender to palpation •Applying pressure = pain = jump sign •Common in postural muscles
Muscle atrophy and contracture
-Atrophy = wasting of muscle due to immobilization, inactivity, or loss of nerve function
–Contracture = abnormal shortening of muscle
•Muscle injury impacts the joint, resulting in accumulation of scar tissue
•Resistant to passive stretching
Tendon trauma
-Collagen organized into bundles
•As strong as steel
•Connect muscle to bone
•Tears generally occur in muscle and not tendon
•Most common overuse injuries involve tendons
Tendinitis
Tenosynovitis
Tendinitis
-Gradual onset
–Swelling, pain, crepitus(sticking of tendon due to accumulation of inflammatory byproducts on irritated tissue)
–Rest is key
–Substitute activities in order to maintain fitness without stressing injured joint
–Further degeneration = tendinosis (stiffness and restricted motion)
