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Aphasia & RHS > Chapter 9: Language in the context of Aging > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Language in the context of Aging Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five different categories of aging?

A 
o	Chronological
o	Biological
o	Cognitive
o	Psychological
o	Social
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2
Q

What is Chronological aging?

A

o An index of how long a person has lived since birth

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3
Q

What is biological aging?

A

o An index of the functioning of one’s bodily organs over time

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4
Q

What is cognitive aging?

A

o an index of how one’s intelligence, memory, and learning abilities change over time

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5
Q

What is Psychological aging?

A

o An index of how one’s personality changes over time.

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6
Q

What is social aging?

A

o An index of aging according to one’s social roles as well as environmental changes.

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7
Q

What are the three key theories about aging that are especially relevant to cognition and communication?

A
  1. Biosocial models of aging
  2. The life-span model of postformal cognitive development
  3. Motivational theory of life-span development
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8
Q

What is the Biosocial model of aging?

A

o Utilizes the biological, psychological, and sociological factors that influence how people age.

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9
Q

What is the life-span model of postformal cognitive development?

A

o It is a 7 stage model that allows clinicians to see the changes in the patient’s communication abilities and needs with age due to changes as a result of body structure, function and evolving life priorities.

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10
Q

What is the motivational theory of life-span development?

A

o Focuses on adults individualized abilities to choose, adapt to and pursue life changes and opportunities as they age.

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11
Q

How are demographic shifts in aging populations relevant to SLP’s?

A

o The aging population is rising globally (faster in third world countries), Meaning SLP’s will need to provide more services to the aging population.

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12
Q

What are the three reasons for the rapid increase in the aging population?

A
  1. Infant mortality rates being high
  2. Decreased fertility
  3. Improved longevity of life.
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13
Q

What are some normal changes in the brain as people age?

A

o Distractibility
o Word finding problems
o Difficulty with communication in dual-tasks and distracting conditions
o Mildly impaired episodic memory

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14
Q

What is not characterized as normal aging effects on the brain?

A

o Forgetting essential information related to ADL’s
o Semantic confusion at the conversational discourse level
o Dysnomia for important names
o Major changes with syntax that they once knew
o Moderately to severely impaired comprehension
o Moderately to severely impaired working memory
o Moderately to severally impaired slowed speed of processing
o Moderately to severally impaired episodic memory
o Impaired procedural memory
o Impaired procedural learning

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15
Q

What does it mean to have normal biological changes in the brain as people age?

A

o Normal biological patterns of neuro-structural changes that have effects on an individual’s cognition.

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16
Q

What are the six normal biological changes in the brain as individuals age?

A
  1. Neuron shrinkage: Leads to decreased brain volume
  2. Reduced dendritic branching
  3. Atrophy primarily in the frontal lobes and the hippocampus
  4. Reduction in neurotransmitters (dopamine and acetylcholine)
  5. Decreased white matter, especially in the frontal lobes
  6. Accumulation of amyloid beta or amyloid plaques without accompanying neurofibrillary tangles: This is associated with Alzheimer’s disease
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17
Q

True or false: As we age it is not more likely for an individual to acquire a cognitive and language disorder?

A

o False: It is more likely as we age. Our chances of acquiring a cognitive and language disorder drastically increases.

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18
Q

What are 3 positive aspects of the aging brain?

A

o Memory related
o Age-related changes in prefrontal and limbic interact, along with hormonal changes in the brain
o Changes in grey and white matter pathways as wells as synaptic connections

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19
Q

What are the positive changes that we see related to memory when the brain ages?

A

o Semantic, procedural and episodic changes

o Richness of life experience

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20
Q

What are the positive changes that we see related to hormonal changes and prefrontal/limbic interact when the brain ages?

A

o Balance of basic drives associated with sexual pursuits
o Career ambition
o Greed
o Self-centeredness

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21
Q

What are the positive changed that we see related to the grey and white matter pathways and the synaptic connections as we age?

A

o Wisdom from life’s experiences

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22
Q

What are normal changes in people’s memory as they age?

A

o Semantics – good
o Procedural – good
o Working/episodic – mild

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23
Q

What is Semantic memory?

A

o Recollection of factual information.

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24
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

o (recall for how to accomplish specific tasks)

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25
Q

What is autobiographical memory?

A

o (memory about important aspects of one’s past)

26
Q

What is source memory?

A

o (memory of where and how one acquired knowledge or where and when a previous event took place)

27
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

o (recall of personal experiences)

28
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

o (recall of recent events)

29
Q

What is age-related identity threat?

A

o age-related identity threat is the implicit or explicit belief that one will fail because one is “old.” In social contexts where negative views of memory and aging are readily expressed (i.e., where jokes, insults, and derogatory terms about memory and aging are common in everyday life), such beliefs may be the reason that some older adults tend to perform worse on memory tests.

30
Q

What are normal changes in people’s word finding abilities as they age?

A

o More tip of the tongue experiences
o Slower response times
o Less accuracy
o Reduced verbal fluency

31
Q

What are normal changes in people’s syntactic processing as they age?

A

o Comprehension

o Production

32
Q

What are normal changes in people’s reading and writing ability as they age?

A

o More likely due to sensory and motor deficits than a linguistic factor

33
Q

What are three factors of normal changes in people’s discourse as they age?

A

o Emotional regulation
o Personal discourse goals
o The nature of specific discourse tasks

34
Q

What is Discourse coherence?

A

o has been shown to decline with age.

It is the ability to tie together elements of a story and maintain the thematic content.

35
Q

What are the two different types of aging?

A

o Primary aging (normal)

o Secondary aging – (impairment based)

36
Q

What are normal changes in people’s pragmatic language ability as they age?

A

o Aging in and of itself does not seem to influence pragmatic abilities in significant ways

37
Q

What are the three theories that have been proposed to account for cognitive-linguistic changes with normal aging?

A

o Resource Capacity theories
o Speed of processing Theories
o Inhibition theories

38
Q

What is a resource capacity theory?

A

o A resource capacity theory seeks to explain cognitive-linguistic changes in task performance seen in older persons
o Task performance changes are only seen during complex or dual-tasks
o This is due to a reduction in overall cognitive capacity, not the ability to accomplish individual simple tasks.

39
Q

What are the 4 subtypes of a resource capacity theory?

A

o Working memory
o Context processing deficiency
o Signal degradation
o Transmission deficit

40
Q

What are some factors that promote brain health through the life span?

A

o Active intellectual engagement on a daily basis
o Regular active and pleasurable social engagement and support
o Limitation of time spent in passive activities, such as watching television
o Constructive and proactive management of low mood, stress, and anger
o Cardiovascular fitness, including well-regulated blood pressure
o Maintenance of low body fat
o Sufficient rest
o A well-balanced diet with well-controlled glucose regulation
o Alcohol consumption only in moderation if at all

41
Q

When thinking about resource capacity theories, we need to consider what?

A

o Consider, where is the strain the patient is having?

42
Q

What is working memory resource capacity theory mean?

A

o This means the patient’s working memory is overwhelmed and at capacity.

43
Q

What causes the strain in working memory theory?

A

o Decreased amount of information can be process at once, which causes the strain.

44
Q

When is working memory theory seen?

A

o It is seen in long and complex language tasks.

45
Q

Why does the working memory become overwhelmed and cause strain when it cannot process information at once?

A

o This is possibly due to recruitment of left and right frontal lobes during tasks.

46
Q

What is context processing deficiency?

A

o This is when the attention system is overwhelmed

47
Q

What happens to the patient during the context processing deficiency theory that causes the strain?

A

o They have decreased ability to consider all aspects of a context then adjusting to the change causes the strain.

48
Q

What is signal degradation?

A

o This is when the sensory processing system is overwhelmed

49
Q

What is the cause of the patient’s strain in signal degradation?

A

o They experience decreased sensory acuity, which causes the system to strain.

50
Q

What is transmission deficit?

A

o This is when the patient experiences various cognitive system become overwhelmed

51
Q

What is the cause of the patient’s strain in transmission deficit?

A

o Decreased neuron transmission causes the strain

52
Q

What is the speed of processing theory that has been proposed to account for cognitive-linguistic changes with aging?

A

o This is the theory that our cognitive processing at all levels slows as we age – general slowing.

53
Q

What is the inhibition theory that has been proposed to account for cognitive-linguistic changes with aging?

A

o Older people have greater challenges than younger people with inhibiting irrelevant information and focusing attention to a particular task in the face of multiple competing stimuli or task requirements.

54
Q

What is elderspeak?

A

o The adaption to language to a person due to his or her age.

55
Q

What are the three stereotypes that elderspeak conveys?

A

Conveys stereotypes of older as:
o Childish
o Incompetent
o Cognitively impaired and dependent

56
Q

What are the three various aspects of elderspeak involved in conversation?

A

o Prosody
o Lexical choice
o Pragmatics

57
Q

What is a positive modification that a professional can use instead of elderspeak?

A

o Reduce grammatical complexity
o Reduce utterance length
o Speak louder but with caution (Don’t yell)

58
Q

What does HAROLD mean?

A

Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults

59
Q

What is HAROLD: Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults?

A

o Some older people demonstrate greater activation of bilateral brain regions while completing complex cognitive tasks that tend to involve primarily one hemisphere in younger people

60
Q

What is reserve capacity in older adults?

A

o That older adults maintain a reserve capacity, which supports the ability to perform in ways that are typically not tested or demonstrated. When motivated to perform well and to improve performance through learning and practice, one may achieve test results that surpass those that might be captured in typical clinical and research contexts.

Aphasia & RHS (3 decks)

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