Chapter 9: International organisations that promote health and wellbeing

Question 1

What are the 3 objectives of the SDGs?

Answer 1

• end extreme poverty
• fight inequality and injustice
• address climate change

Question 2

Why are the objectives important?

Answer 2

• ‘end extreme poverty’ is integral to ensuring people can afford resources, such as healthcare, to improve their health and wellbeing, as well as improve levels of human development.
• ‘fight inequalities and injustice’ based on age, income, gender, sexual orientation, race, class, ethnicity, religion, and disability can damage people’s sense of self-worth and confidence, but also stand as a roadblock to ending poverty as well as social and economic development.
• ‘address climate change’ such as changing weather patterns, the rise of sea levels and natural disasters such as wildfires are becoming more extreme, affecting everyone globally which can threaten the future of both humans and our planet.

Question 3

What are the 3 rationales of the SDGs?

Answer 3

• Continue the work of the MDGs
• Tackle newly emerged global challenges
• Address the uneven progress from the MDGs

Question 4

Why are the rationales important?

Answer 4

• (MDGs) a new set of goals and targets were required to continue progress on solving global issues as millions of people are still living in extreme poverty.
• new global challenges had emerged, such as climate change, the growing gap between the rich and the poor, the increasing rate of conflict and terrorism.
• the uneven progress across countries meant there were still millions of people experiencing hardship in our world.

Question 5

What is SDG1?

Answer 5

No poverty

Question 6

What are the key features of SDG1?

Answer 6

• Eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere
• Implement child protection systems for all
• Halve the number of people living in poverty
• Ensure all people have equal access to economic resources
• Build the resilience of those in vulnerable situations

Question 7

How does SDG1 promote HWB and human development?

Answer 7

• With increased incomes, people will be able to afford adequate shelter, redcuing the risk of communicable diseases such as malaria and improving the functioning of the body’s systems improving physical HWB.
• With increased incomes, poeple are able to afford access to basic resources such as food, shelter and water, allowing them to experience a decent standard of living.

Question 8

What is SDG2?

Answer 8

Zero hunger

Question 9

What are the key features of SDG2?

Answer 9

• End hunger and ensure all people, in particular the poor and people in vulnerable situations, such as infants, have access to safe, nutritious, and sufficient food all year round.
• End all forms of malnutrition.
• Double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers.
• Ensure sustainable food production systems.
• Maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, plants, and animals and ensure access for all.

Question 10

How does SDG2 promote HWB and human development?

Answer 10

• Lower levels of malnutritions in both children and adults improves immune system functioning and therefore reduces the likelihood of diseases such as malaria and improving the functioning of the body’s systems promoting physical HWB.
• Well nourished children can attend school and concentrate effectively to their full potential. Through going to school, they will have an enhanced knowledge and increase their capabilities.

Question 11

What is SDG3?

Answer 11

Good health and wellbeing

Question 12

What are the key features of SDG3?

Answer 12

• Reduce global mortality rate.
• End preventable deaths of newborns and children under five, reducing neonetal mortality.
• End the epidemic of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases, and ombat hepatitis, waterborne diseases, and other communicable iseases.
• Reduce by one third premature mortality from non-communicable diseases through revention and treatment, and promote mental health and wellbeing.
• Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including drugs and alcohol.
• Halve the global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents.
• Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services.
• Achieve universal health coverage, including access to affordable essential medicines nd vaccines.
• Reduce deaths and illnesses from hazardous hemicals and air, water and soil pollution, nd contamination.
• Strengthen the implementation of the WHO ramework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries as appropriate.
• Support research and development of vaccines and medicines for communicable nd non-communicable diseases and provide access to affordable essential medicines and vaccines.

Question 13

What is SDG4?

Answer 13

Quality education

Question 14

What are the key features of SDG4?

Answer 14

• Ensure all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality education.
• Ensure all children have access to early quality childhood development.
• Ensure equal access for all to tertiary education.
• Increase the number of youth and adults who have relevant skills for employment.
• Eliminate all gender disparities in education.
• Ensure all youth and most adults achieve literacy and numeracy skills.

Question 15

How does SDG4 promote HWB and human development?

Answer 15

• At school, students will develop health literacy and learn health-promoting behaviours,such as the importance of safe hygiene practices and ways to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS. This knowledge will help reduce the incidence of communicable diseases and improve physical health and wellbeing.
• Educated adults have increased employment opportunities and are more likely to earn an income, allowing them to afford basic resources such as food and healthcare, and also enabling them to afford a decent standard of living.

Question 16

What is SDG5?

Answer 16

Gender equality

Question 17

What are the key features of SDG5?

Answer 17

• End all forms of discrimination against women and girls everywhere.
• End all forms of violence against women and girls, including human trafficking and sexual exploitation.
• Eliminate harmful practices, such as child, early, and forced marriage and female genital mutilation.
• Recognise and value unpaid care and domestic work.
• Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and reproductive rights.

Question 18

How does SDG5 promote HWB and human development?

Answer 18

• Elimination of harmful practices, such as genital mutilation and child marriage, greatly improves health and wellbeing. Through receiving an education and not being forced into child marriages, women will be able to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others, improving social health and wellbeing.
• When women are respected members of their community, they are able to freely participate in their community and have an increased ability to make decisions about their lives, improving human development.

Question 19

What is SDG6?

Answer 19

Clean water and sanitation

Question 20

What are the key features of SDG6?

Answer 20

• Achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.
• Achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations.
• Improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping and minimizing the release of hazardous chemicals and materials.
• Support the participation of local communities in improving water and sanitation management.

Question 21

How does SDG6 promote HWB and human development?

Answer 21

• Children who do not have to spend time collecting water can spend more time in school, maintaining meaningful relationships with others, building friendships, which promotes social health and wellbeing.
• With access to clean water and sanitation services, more adults will experience improved health and stronger immune systems, which will allow them to work more productively.

Question 22

What is SDG13?

Answer 22

Climate action

Question 23

What are the key features of SDG13?

Answer 23

• Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries.
• Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies, and planning.
• Improve education, awareness-raising, and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction, and early warning.

Question 24

How does SDG13 promote HWB and human development?

Answer 24

• Tackling climate change will contribute to a reduction in the speed at which global temperatures are rising, which will reduce the impact of climate change on weather events such as wildfires, droughts, and floods. Reducing the severity of such natural
  disasters will reduce associated injury and improve food security, therefore promoting physical health and wellbeing.
• With a reduced risk of severe disasters and weather events, people living in low-lying coastal areas are able to continue to work and earn an income, worry-free, allowing them to afford a decent standard of living, improving human development.

Question 25

What are the 3 priorities of WHO?

Answer 25

• achieving universal health coverage
• addressing health emergencies
• promoting healthier populations

Question 26

What does ‘achieving universal health coverage’ include?

Answer 26

• The WHO works to increase health coverage across more of the population.
• The WHO recognises that healthcare workers must be properly trained in order to achieve universal health coverage.
• The WHO works to increase access to safe and effective medicines, vaccines, and health products.
• The WHO aims to advocate for investment in all aspects of the health system and health insurance schemes that make healthcare more affordable.
• The WHO works to promote equity of access by reducing the economic, geographical, and cultural barriers that prevent people from accessing essential health services.

Question 27

What does ‘addressing health emergencies’ include?

Answer 27

• The WHO aims to prepare for health emergencies by implementing early detection, information sharing, and quick response to health emergencies. This includes phone alerts in the event of natural disasters or immediate action to contain disease spread in the event of an outbreak.
• The WHO aims to target the most vulnerable people who are most impacted by health emergencies. Vulnerable groups include those living in areas of conflict, women, children, migrants, and those living in poverty.
• The WHO works to ensure that all people affected by health emergencies have immediate access to essential health services, including emergency aid and supplies, disease prevention, health promotion and mental health services.

Question 28

What does ‘promoting healthier populations’ include?

Answer 28

• Human capital refers to the skills, education and experiences that people possess that are beneficial to the community. The WHO aims to improve human capital so that people are equipped with adequate health knowledge, and can lead healthy lives.
• The WHO promotes mental health and works to increase access to treatment and care for mental health disorders.
• The WHO supports countries in their elimination efforts of communicable diseases and strengthens their capacity to control disease outbreaks.
• The WHO works to implement health systems in vulnerable states so that climate-related diseases can be managed.

Question 29

What are the 3 goals of WHO?

Answer 29

• 1 billion more people benefitting from universal health coverage.
• 1 billion more people better protected from health emergencies.
• 1 billion more people enjoying better health and wellbeing.

Question 30

WORK OF WHO

What does ‘provide leadership and create partnerships to promote health and wellbeing’ include?

Answer 30

• The WHO leads global health efforts and ensures that everyone is working together to achieve improved health outcomes.
• By creating partnerships between the United Nations, these parties are able to work collaboratively and effectively to promote global health and wellbeing under the WHO’s leadership.

Question 31

WORK OF WHO

What does ‘conduct research and provide health and wellbeing information’ include?

Answer 31

• The WHO conducts research to ensure that the most relevant and current health and wellbeing information is available.
• This knowledge can then be used to develop health policies and to inform decisions that promote health.

Question 32

WORK OF WHO

What does ‘set norms and standards, and promote and monitor their implementation’ include?

Answer 32

• The WHO develops and sets norms and standards, and promotes and monitors their implementation.
• They promote the implementation of health standards relating to air and water quality, and the efficacy and safety of medicines in all countries.

Question 33

WORK OF WHO

What does ‘develop policies to help countries take action to promote health and wellbeing’ include?

Answer 33

• The WHO develops health policies, and then supports countries to introduce these policies into their health system.
• They help governments to adapt health policies to meet their local context so that they can effectively bring about improved health outcomes.

Question 34

What does ‘provide technical support and help build sustainable health systems’ include?

Answer 34

• The WHO provides technical support to assist countries in building sustainable health systems that meet the needs of the population.
• They strengthen the capacity of governments to exercise effective health systems governance, manage health finance, and implement health strategies.

Question 35

What does ‘monitor health and wellbeing and assess health and wellbeing trends’ include?

Answer 35

• The WHO monitors health and wellbeing and assesses its trends in the global population.
• The WHO also monitors who is becoming sick and how they are falling ill, enabling the to target vulnerable populations and protect them from further morbidity.