Chapter 9 - Human Development

Question 0

DP: nature vs nutrure

Answer 0

➢Nature:
●Maturation
●Changes that occur according to one’s genetically determined biological timetable

➢Nurture
●Socialization The process of learning socially acceptable behaviors.

Question 1

Developmental Psychology (DP)

Answer 1

The study of how humans grow, develop, and change throughout the lifespan

Question 2

Piaget: sensorimotor stage

Answer 2

0-2 years Child begins to interact with environment

Sensorimotor Stage
➢Out of sight out of mind?
➢Object Permanence- The realization that an object continues to exist even when they can no longer be perceived
➢Major achievement of sensorimotor stage

Question 3

Piaget: Preoperational Stage

Answer 3

2-6 or 7 years Child represents world symbolically

➢Pre-Operational stage (2-6 years)
➢Centration: process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects
➢Focus on superficial external appearances
➢“What you see is what you think”

Preoperational Stage
➢Egocentrism: an inability take the viewpoints of others into account
➢At this stage, children assume that others share their views
➢An expression of centration
➢Video example

Question 4

Piaget: Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 4

7-11 years learns rules such as conversation

➢Concrete Operations (ages 7-11 or 12 years)

●Conservation
•The concept that a given quantity of matter remains the same despite a change in appearance
•Can think logically about objects or problems that are ‘concrete’ (things you can touch or see)
•Preoperational children fail conservation tasks because of centration.
●Video example

Question 5

Piaget: formal operational stage

Answer 5

12+ years The adolescent can transcend the concrete situation and think about the future

➢Formal Operations (ages 11 or 12 years and beyond

➢Hypothetic-deductive Thinking
●Adolescents can apply logical thought
•abstract and hypothetical situations
•consider the past, present, or future
•Can comprehend abstract subjects think of “what if”

Question 6

Socioemotional Development - Attachment

Answer 6

Attachment

●Separation Anxiety
●video example
•The fear and distress shown by a toddler when the parent leaves
●occurs from 8 to 24 months
●peaks between 12 and 18 months

●Avoidant attachment
•(about 20% of American Infants)
•Not responsive to their parent when present
•Not troubled when parent leaves
•Actively avoids contact when parent returns
•Mothers of avoidant infants tend to show little warmth & sensitivity

Attachment
●Resistant attachment
•(10-15% of  American infants)
•Seek and prefer close contact with their mother
•Acts angry when she returns
•Hard to comfort

●Disorganized attachment
•(5-10% of American Infants)
•The least secure pattern
•Contradictory and disoriented when reunited with mother

Question 7

Adult Attachment

Answer 7

➢Do our childhood attachment styles predict our adult attachment styles?
➢Internal Working Model (IWM)- cognitive schema of self and others
➢Infant attachment  internal working model  adult attachment
➢Moderate-strong continuity
●Styles can change with environmental variation

Question 8

Authoritarian

Answer 8

Authoritarian
➢Preschool children tend to be withdrawn, anxious, and unhappy
➢Has been associated with low intellectual performance and lack of social skills, especially in boys
➢Can be a ‘productive’ style of parenting in high risk environments
➢Style is more popular in collectivistic cultures

Question 9

Authoritative

Answer 9

➢Children are more mature, happy, self-reliant, self-controlled, assertive, socially competent, and responsible
➢Authoritative parents are associated with middle children and teens who have
•Higher academic performance
•Independence
•Higher self-esteem
•Internalized moral standards

Question 10

Permissive

Answer 10

➢Children are the most
•Immature
•Impulsive
•Dependent
•Least self-controlled and self-reliant
➢Associated with drinking problems, promiscuous sex, delinquent behavior, poor school performance