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Psychology > Chapter 11 - Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Personality Flashcards

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0
Q

Frauds Theories

A
  • Personality is shaped by dynamic, underlying often by unconscious forces
  • Freud would hypnotize patients and allow them to speak freely. His conclusion was that people are influenced by their unconscious and called this method “developed psychoanalysis”
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1
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Personality

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•An individual’s unique characteristics that account for enduring patterns of inner experience and outward behavior

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2
Q

Personality Structure: Conscious

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Whatever we are thinking about at any given moment.

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3
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Personality Structure: Preconscious

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Holds memories or feelings that we aren’t consciously thinking about, but can be brought to consciousness.

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Personality Structure: Unconscious

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Holds memories or feelings that are so unpleasant or anxiety-provoking that they are repressed.

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5
Q

Id

A
  • “Pleasure principle”- Tries to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
  • Primal instincts: Sex (libido), Food, Aggression
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6
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Ego

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•“Reality principle” - Logical, rational, realistic part of the personality.

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7
Q

Superego

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  • Moral component of the personality.

* Develops as we observe and internalize the behaviors of others in our culture

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8
Q

Psychosexual Stages: Oral

A
  1. Oral: 0–18 months: pleasure derived through oral satisfaction
    - sucking on bottle
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9
Q

Psychosexual Stages: Anal

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  1. Anal: 18 mos–3 years: area of pleasure is focused on the anal region
    - Going to the bathroom
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10
Q

Psychosexual Stages: Phallic

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3.Phallic: 3–6 years: focused on genitals
Oedipus Complex: Boys want to marry their mothers and kill their fathers
Castration anxiety: Boys’ fear of fathers’ punishment
Penis envy: Girls’ focus on their lack of a penis

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11
Q

Psychosexual Stages: Latency

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4.Latency: 6–puberty: sexual latency period where kids don’t have any sexual feelings

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12
Q

Psychosexual Stages: Genital

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5.Genital: At puberty, latency gives way to experiencing sexual attraction to opposite sex

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13
Q

Defense Mechanism

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•Defense mechanisms—unconscious tactics to protect us from anxiety and internal conflict

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14
Q

Defense Mechanism: Fixated

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  • Must resolve issues of each stage before moving on to subsequent stage
  • Failure to resolve conflicts may result in becoming fixated at that stage
  • excessive gratification or frustration at the fixated stage
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15
Q

Defense Mechanism: Neuroses

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  • Unresolved conflicts at any stage of development result in neuroses
  • Abnormal behavior patterns characterized by anxiety, depression, or other symptoms
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16
Q

Defense Mechanism: Repression

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Keeping unpleasant memories in the unconscious

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17
Q

Defense Mechanism: Denial

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Refusing to recognize an unpleasant reality

18
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Defense Mechanism: Rationalization

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Creating socially acceptable excuse to justify unacceptable behavior

19
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Defense Mechanism: Reaction Formation

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Not recognizing unacceptable impulses and overemphasizing their opposite

20
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Defense Mechanism: Projection

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Transferring ones unacceptable qualities or impulses to others

21
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Defense Mechanism: Displacement

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Diverting ones impulses to a more acceptable target

22
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Defense Mechanism: Sublimation

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Transferring socially unacceptable impulses to acceptable activities

23
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Defense Mechanism: Regression

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Reverting to immature ways of responding

24
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Defense Mechanism: Identification

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Enhancing self esteem by imagining or forming alliances with others

25
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Defense Mechanism: Intellectualization

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Ignoring troubling emotional aspects by focusing on abstract ideas for thoughts

26
Q

Humanistic View

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  • Humanists emphasize
  • Free will
  • People’s desire to fulfill their potential
27
Q

Humanistic: Maslow

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  • Abraham Maslow: Humans are basically good and have an urge to grow
  • Personality arises from striving to meet their needs
  • Hierarchy of needs (see Chapter 11)
  • Self-actualization—need to fulfill our full potential as humans
  • Believed much could be learned from studying healthy, well-adjusted people
  • Led to study of positive psychology
  • Study of positive experiences and healthy mental functioning
28
Q

Humanistic Theory: Carl Rogers

A
  • Carl Rogers: Humans are fundamentally positive and strive for self-actualization
  • Self-concept: consistent pattern of perception describing how we see ourselves as well as how we are seen by others
  • Unconditional positive regard: acceptance without terms or conditions
  • As children we need unconditional positive regard from parents and caregivers to develop healthy self-concepts
29
Q

The Trait Perspective

A
  • Personality traits: Relatively stable and long-lasting predispositions to behave in certain ways
  • Trait theorists describe personality as a collection of traits
  • Which traits are central and how many is up for debate
30
Q

Trait Theories: Gordon Allport

A
  • Trait Theories
  • Gordon Allport: First trait theorist, based work on case studies
  • Hans Eysenck: Used factor analysis to create superfactors
  • Believed in biological basis for personality
31
Q

Super Factors: Neuroticism

A
  • Neuroticism: Degree to which one experiences negative emotions
  • Low: calm, even-tempered
  • High: worrying, temperamental
32
Q

Super Factors: Extracersion

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  • Extraversion: Degree to which one is outgoing
  • Low: reserved, loner, passive
  • High: affectionate, talkative, assertive
33
Q

Super Factors: Psychoticism:

A

Degree to which one is vulnerable to psychoses, or loss of touch with reality
•Low: Warm and caring
•High: Antisocial, cold, and hostile

34
Q

O

A

Openness:

Low scores- practical, uncreative, incurious, comforting

High scores- imaginative, creative, curious, independent

35
Q

C

A

Consciousness:

Low scores- disorganized, careless, lazy, late

High scores- organized, careful, disciplined, punctual

36
Q

E

A

Extraversion:

Low scores- retiring, passive, sober, reserved

High scores- sociable, active, fun loving, affectionate

37
Q

A

A

Agreeableness:

Low scores- ruthless, suspicious, critical, uncooperative

High scores- soft hearted, trusting, leinant, helpful

38
Q

N

A

Neuroticism:

Low scores- calm, unemotional, secure, self-satisfied

High scores- anxious, emotional, insecure, self-pitying

39
Q

Situationism

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Behavior is governed mostly by situation, not internal traits

40
Q

Interactionism

A

People influence the situations they find themselves in

41
Q

Trait inventories

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  • Survey questions
  • Measures several dimensions of personality
  • Used with the trait approach
  • Must be professionally administered and scored
  • Can diagnose psychological problems and disorders
  • MMPI, CPI, MBTI
42
Q

Projective Tests

A
  • Projective Tests: Used to tap the unconscious by projecting meaning onto an ambiguous stimulus
  • Rorschach Inkblot Test
  • Responses thought to indicate underlying personality characteristics or issues
  • Low validity
  • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): participants create stories describing ambiguous black-and-white drawings
  • Systematic scoring, but not consistently used
  • Low validity

Psychology (3 decks)

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