Chapter 9: Health Promotion of the Infant and Family Flashcards
Parents of an infant report that the child is extremely fuzzy at times. Which parental response might lead to potential poor outcomes later in life for the child?
a. Attempts to provide comfort by playing music
b. Holding the infant while applying a gentle rocking motion
c. Offering the infant more food to decrease fuzziness
d. Playing with the infant to attempt distraction
c. Offering the infant more food to decrease fuzziness
Research suggests that providing additional feedings to fuzzy infants may stimulate a potential pattern for development of obesity as the child ages. All other options could be used in response to the infants being fuzzy without adverse outcomes.
An infant is more likely to be at increased risk for infections based on the immunological premise that
a. Decreased amount of immunoglobulin M at birth
b. Limited maternal transfer resulted in decreased protection during the first 3 months of life
c. Inability to synthesize immunoglobulin G
d. Limited ability to reach adult levels until 1 year of age
d. Limited ability to reach adult levels until 1 year of age
Infants reach 40% of their immunoglobulin levels by 1 year of age and are therefore at risk to develop an infection. Infants have increased amount of immunoglobulin M at birth, have maternal transfer until 3 months of age, and are able to synthesize immunoglobulin at decreased rates
Which is the most appropriate recommendation for relief of teething pain?
a. Rub the gums with aspirin to relieve inflammation
b. Apply hydrogen peroxide to the gums to relive irritation
c. Give the child a frozen teething ring to relieve inflammation
d. Have the child chew on a warm teething ring to encourage teeth eruption
c. Give the child a frozen teething ring to relieve inflammation
Cold reduces inflammation and should be used for relief of teething irritation. Aspirin and aspirin products should never be used in infants and children for inflammation or pain relief. Hydrogen peroxide will not be effective and may irritate the gums more. Cold, not warm, reduces inflammation; therefore, heat is not effective for teething pain
In working with a group of parents related to providing information relative to car seat restraints. Which statement by a member of the parent group would indicate additional teaching was necessary?
a. “I will place a car seat facing backwards in the car”
b. “the car seat should be anchored to the vehicle’s seat belt”
c. “the LATCH system should be used for a child who is below 35 pounds”
d. “the child should be in a rear facing position up to 24 months of age”
c. “the LATCH system should be used for a child who is below 35 pounds”
The LATCH system should be used if the combined weight of the child and car seat is over 65 pounds. All other options are considered safe principles of car seat restraints.
Which finding would be considered to be abnormal with regard to growth and development principles? Select all that apply.
a. Chest circumference si equal to head circumference at the end of the first year
b. Increased height is most likely d/t the size of limbs rather than torso by the end of the first year
c. Increase in weight of the brain about 1.5 times by the end of the first year
d. Growth of heart is doubled by the end of the first year
e. Primitive reflexes remain consistently within the first year of life
b. Increased height is most likely d/t the size of limbs rather than torso by the end of the first year
c. Increase in weight of the brain about 1.5 times by the end of the first year
e. Primitive reflexes remain consistently within the first year of life
Increased height is mostly seen in the trunk as opposed to limbs. Brain weight increases up to 2.5 times in the first year of life. Primitive reflexes are replaced by voluntary purposeful movements based on neural pathways
In terms of play behavior, which observation would be considered to be an abnormal finding based on normal growth and developmental patterns?
a. Playing peek a boo at 1 year of age
b. At 1 month of age, the extend arms to be picked up by their parent or caregiver
c. Show preference for a toy by 4 months of age
d. At 8 months of age, child refuses to play with a stranger
b. At 1 month of age, the extend arms to be picked up by their parent or caregiver
Infants typically extend their arms by 6 months of age; thus this would be considered abnormal if present by 1 month. All other options would be considered to be normal play behavior presentations.
Infants in the first few days of life are expected to have a weight loss between 5 and 10% based on the following principles. Select all that apply.
a. Increased renal tubular function
b. Enlargement of ECF compartment
c. Increased GFR
d. Shivering thermogenesis
e. Decrease in percentage of body water
a. Increased renal tubular function
c. Increased GFR
e. Decrease in percentage of body water
Expected weight loss in the first few days of life is associated with the contraction of the ECF compartment resulting in decrease in percentage of body water, increased tubular function and increased glomerular filtration rate. Shivering thermogenesis is the mechanism whereby the infant seeks to maintain body temperature.
The infant’s mother reports that her 6-month-old daughter seems to be afraid of strangers now. Based on this reported finding the nurse would advise the mother that
a. Psychological counseling may be needed if the behavior continues or worsens
b. This is probably d/t “nightmares” and should be self-limiting, so there is no need to worry
c. Ask the mother what type of specific behaviors the child was exhibiting as there may be potential abuse occurring
d. Tell the mother that fear of strangers is normal during this time period and typically will be self-limiting
d. Tell the mother that fear of strangers is normal during this time period and typically will be self-limiting
Fear of strangers is a normal behavior seen between 6-8 months of age. Typically, it is self-limiting in nature and is not associated with feeding patterns or abuse. It typically does not require referral for psychological counselling.
A parent is concerned that her toddler may become obese if high fat or sugary foods are included in the diet. Which food selection should still be included in a child’s dietary plan during this stage of life?
a. Sweetened fruit juice
b. Whole milk
c. Low fat milk
d. Processed cakes and muffins
b. Whole milk
Whole milk should be given to infants and toddlers during this critical growth period. Low fat milk should only be given if medically indicated. All other food selections should be limited or avoided in the toddlers’ diet pattern.
In order for an infant/child to formulate an attachment with another human being, they must? Select all that apply.
a. Discriminate self between individuals
b. Understand moral principles of right versus wrong
c. Achieve object permanence
d. Understand principles of time
e. Recognize themselves in the mirror
a. Discriminate self between individuals
c. Achieve object permanence
In order to form attachments, the infant/child must be able to discriminate themselves from others as separate human beings. They also must understand the concept of object permanence. Attachment is not based on understanding of moral principles, time or self-recognition of their image in a mirror.
A parent of a 10-month-old infant tells the nurse that the baby cries and screams whenever the infant is left with the grandparents. Based on the nurse’s knowledge of growth and development, the nurse’s response is
a. The infant is most likely spoiled
b. Stranger anxiety is common for an infant of this age
c. Separation anxiety should have disappeared between 4-8 months of age
d. The grandparents are not responsive to this infant
b. Stranger anxiety is common for an infant of this age
The infant is experiencing stranger anxiety, which is expected for an infant of this age. Stranger anxiety usually develops by between 6-8 months of age and begins to disappear at about 1 year of age. The behavior the infant is exhibiting is normal and not indicative of a spoiled child. Separation anxiety is common between 6-8 months of age. There is no data to support the conclusion that the grandparents are not responsive to the infant.
Which herbal therapies are associated with increased milk production? Select all that apply.
a. Blessed thistle
b. Fennel
c. St. John’s Wort
d. Fenugreek
e. Echinacea
a. Blessed thistle
b. Fennel
d. Fenugreek
These herbal preparations are known as galactogogues and are thought to increase milk production. St. John’s Wort and echinacea are not reported to increase milk production.
If an infant understands that an object, even though out of sight still exists then it would be correct to note that the infant has achieved
a. Moral comprehension
b. Object permanence
c. Mental representation
d. Demonstrates reflex activity
b. Object permanence
Piaget’s cognitive theory states that object permanence is the ability of the infant to understand that an object still exists even in places out of sight. This action is not correlated with moral comprehension or mental representation. It is not associated with reflex activity which is where reflexes are replaced by voluntary actions.
A 6-month-old infant attempts to pick up a toy using his entire hand. This action would be documented as using a
a. Pincer grasp
b. Palmer grasp
c. Prehension
d. Gross motor development
b. Palmer grasp
At 6 months of age, one would expect an infant to be able to pick up and transfer objects with his/her whole hand. This is noted as a palmer grasp. Prehension is when the infant uses both fingers and hands to grab objects and is typically seen between 2-3 months. Pincer grasp is when the infant uses both the thumb and middle finger and is seen after 6 months of age. The behavior described is an example of fine motor development as opposed to gross motor development.
Which assessment finding would the nurse expect to see with regard to weight status in an infant who is 1 year of age?
a. Weight is doubled that of birth weight
b. Average weight of 1 year old is stable if found to be 15 pounds
c. Weight is tripled that of birth weight
d. Breastfeeding infants typically will have smaller head circumference that bottle-fed infants
e. Weight is quadrupled compared with initial birth weight at age one
c. Weight is tripled that of birth weight
Typically, at 1 year of age, the infant’s birth rate is tripled that of initial birth weight. It is doubled at 6 months of age and quadrupled at 2 years of age. Average weight is based on recommendation of growth and development tables based on birth weight. Breastfed infants typically have a larger head circumference as compared to bottle-fed infants
