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CHEM 441A+B > Chapter 9: Glycolysis > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Glycolysis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The collective biochemical reactions in a living organism that converts chemical energy into work.
- Catabolic and anabolic pathways

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2
Q

What is a catabolic pathway?

A

A process leading to the degradation of macro molecules and nutrients to capture chemical energy

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3
Q

What is an anabolic pathway?

A

A process which uses energy available from ATP hydrolysis and oxidation of reducing equivalents to synthesize biomolecules

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4
Q

What is metabolic flux?

A
  • The rate at which substrates and products are interconverted
  • Determined by two factors
    • Level of enzyme activity
    • Bioavailability of substrate
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5
Q

What are 4 major biomolecules?

A
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
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6
Q

What is the free energy equation under equilibrium?

A
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7
Q

How do unfavorable reactions occur

A

They may be coupled to make them more favorable

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8
Q

What determines if a reaction proceeds or reverses?

A

Concentration(ratio of product to substrate)
- Exception if ΔG° is very negative/positive (25kJ/mol)

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9
Q

Find the ΔG

A
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10
Q

What is a monosaccharide

A

A sugar containing an aldehyde or ketone

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11
Q

What are aldoses?

A

Aldehyde containing sugars (11)
- Glucose

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12
Q

What are ketoses?

A

Ketone containing sugars(11)
- Fructose

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13
Q

Describe the structure of a simple sugar.

A
  • Linear
  • Cyclic
  • Not planar
    • Chair or boat conformation
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14
Q

Where is the C=O in Aldose? what about Ketose?

A
  • First position in aldose
  • Second position in ketose
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15
Q

What are trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, and heptoses

A
  • Triose (3c)
    • important metabolite and smallest carbs
  • Tetroses (4c)
  • Pentoses (5c) DNA, RNA
  • Hexoses (6c) most common carb
    -Heptoses (7c)
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16
Q

What relation do D and L sugars have to eachother

A

They are enantiomers
- D is -OH on right and L is -OH on left

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17
Q

How is D or L determined in carbs

A

Assignment is based on furthest chiral carbon from C=O

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18
Q

What are epimers?

A

When two monosaccharides differ by the position of one -OH group

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19
Q

How does an aldehyde become a hemiacetal?

A

Alcohol + R group

20
Q

How does a ketone become a hemiketal?

A

Alcohol + R group

21
Q

What does glucose become when it undergoes an intramolecular reaction?

A

Pyranose: 6 member ring (5C 1O)

22
Q

What does fructose become when it undergoes an intramolecular reaction?

A

Furanose: 5 member ring

23
Q

What is the glucose concentration in blood?

A

5mM or 90 mg/dL
- Diabetes if resting glucose levels are >7.2mM or >126 mg/100 mL

24
Q

What hormones regulate glucose levels in the blood?

A

Insulin decreases and glucagon increases

25
Q

How are simple sugars broken down?

A

Simple sugars can be oxidized or reduced based on their function groups
- Reducing agent may be Cu2+ and they need a reducing end

26
Q

What is Benedict’s Test

A
  • Cu2+ is changed into Cu+ coupled to H2O2 in second product to make colored product
  • Can be personally monitored by patient
27
Q

How are two monosaccharides joined together?

A
  • O-glycosidic bond
  • Formed through condensation
28
Q

What are the outcomes of glycolysis?

A

1 molecule of glucose —> 2 pyruvates

29
Q

What are three irreversible changes during glycolysis?

A
  1. Hexokinase (Glucose -> Glucose 6 P
  2. Phosphofructokinase 1 (Fructose 6 P -> Fructose 1,6 BP)
  3. Pyruvate kinase (phosphoenolpyruvate -> pyruvate)
30
Q

What happens in the first step of glycolysis?

A

Hexokinase is used to phosphorylate (ATP -> ADP) Glucose which becomes Glucose-6-P

31
Q

What happens in the second step of glycolysis?

A

Phosphoglucoisomerase is used to transform Glucose-6-P to Fructose-6-P. The six member ring changes to a five member ring (8)

32
Q

What happens in the third step of glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase-1 is used to phosphorylate (ATP -> ADP) Fructose-6-P to Fructose-1,6-BP (9)

33
Q

What is the fourth step of glycolysis?

A

Aldolase is used to cleave Hexose into two trioses. The reaction uses Schiff base as an intermediate (10)

34
Q

What is the fifth step of glycolysis?

A

Triose phosphate isomerase makes Dihydroxyacetone-P into an enediol intermediate which can be turned to Glyceraldehyde-3-P (14)

35
Q

What is the sixth step of glycolysis?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is used to generate NADH from NAD+ and Pi and turns Glyceraldehyde-3-p to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate (15)

36
Q

What is the seventh step of glycolysis?

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase is used to phosphorylate ADP -> ATP and turns 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate into 3-phosphoglycerate

37
Q

What is the eighth step in glycolysis?

A

Phosphoglycerate mutase causes a phosphoryl shift causing 3-Phosphoglycerate to become 2-Phosphoglycerate

38
Q

What is the ninth step in glycolysis?

A

Enolase dehydrates 2-Phosphoglycerate causing it to become Phosphoenolpyruvate

39
Q

What is the tenth step in glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate kinase turns Phosphoenolpyruvate into Pyruvate by phosphorylating ADP and turning it to ATP

39
Q

What is the tenth step in glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate kinase turns Phosphoenolpyruvate into Pyruvate by phosphorylating ADP and turning it to ATP

40
Q

What three things can happen to pyruvate after it is synthesized?

A

Aerobic conditions:
- ATP produced via citrate cycle and ETC

Anaerobic conditions:
- Production of lactate
- Ethanol production

41
Q

How can 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate become 2,3 Bishphosphoglycerate?

A
  • 2,3 Bisphosphoglycerate is an inhibitor of Hemoglobin
  • Bisphosphoglycerate mutase
42
Q

What does the direction of metabolic flux depend on?

A
  • Metabolite concentration
  • Controlled by allosteric enzymes in irreversible reactions
43
Q

What does glucokinase in the liver do?

A
  • Traps extra glucose that can make glycogen for later use
  • Acts as glucose sensor to stimulate insulin release in Pancreatic beta cells
44
Q

What is the difference in PFK-1 in its active vs inactive form?

A

R-state (active):
- AMP or ADP bound
- Increased affinity for F6P

T-state (inactive):
- ATP is bound
- Decreased F6P affinity

45
Q

Why is NAD+ regenerated and where does it occur?

A
  • NAD+ regeneration is required to maintain flux through GAPDH
  • Regenerated in cytoplasm

CHEM 441A+B (22 decks)

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