Chapter 19: Metabolic Integration Flashcards
What are the specialized metabolic functions of the stomach?
What are the specialized metabolic functions of intestines?
What are the specialized metabolic functions of the pancreas?
What are the specialized metabolic functions of the liver?
What are the specialized metabolic functions of adipose tissue?
What are the specialized metabolic functions of muscle?
What are the specialized metabolic functions of the brain
What are the specialized metabolic functions of the kidneys?
What is the ideal glucose level in blood?
Know how insulin and glucagon work to maintain homeostasis?
Know the cells that release these hormones.
Which cells do insulin and glucagon act on? What do their signaling promote/downregulate? What specific enzymes are targeted?
Liver:
Insulin - stimulates uptake of glucose by increasing flux
Glucagon - Stimulates glucose export through degredation rxns
Skeletal muscle:
Insulin - Stimulates glucose uptake by increasing GLUT4 protein
Glucagon - N/A
Adipose:
Insulin - Stimulates glucose uptake by increasing GLUT 4 increasing FA synth and leading to TAG storage in adipocytes
Glucagon - Stimulates FA export by activating TAG hydrolysis
Brain:
Insulin - Stimulates neutral signaling to hypothalamus to decrease eating and increase energy expenditure
Glucagon - N/A
What is the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes?
TI:
- Early in life
- Autoimmune destroys beta cells
- Insulin injections
TII:
- Insulin resistant diabetes
- Older people
- Defective response
What is insulin resistance?
Why is metabolic flux similar to prolonged starvation and diabetes?
Why are ketone bodies overproduced during starvation? In cases of diabetes why can excess ketone bodies be harmful?
- Ketone produced as acetyl-CoA concentration rises due to lack of citric acid cycle intermediates(OAA)
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What are the long term effects of elevated blood glucose levels?
- Proteins become glycated leading to ineffective hemoglobin (seen in extremities of diabetes)
- Increased risk of cardiovascular disease, Renal failure, damage in small vessels + nerves
How will you test blood glucose levels?
