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CHEM 441A+B > Chapter 19: Metabolic Integration > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Metabolic Integration Flashcards

1
Q

What are the specialized metabolic functions of the stomach?

A
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2
Q

What are the specialized metabolic functions of intestines?

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3
Q

What are the specialized metabolic functions of the pancreas?

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4
Q

What are the specialized metabolic functions of the liver?

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5
Q

What are the specialized metabolic functions of adipose tissue?

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6
Q

What are the specialized metabolic functions of muscle?

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7
Q

What are the specialized metabolic functions of the brain

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8
Q

What are the specialized metabolic functions of the kidneys?

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9
Q

What is the ideal glucose level in blood?

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10
Q

Know how insulin and glucagon work to maintain homeostasis?

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11
Q

Know the cells that release these hormones.

A
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12
Q

Which cells do insulin and glucagon act on? What do their signaling promote/downregulate? What specific enzymes are targeted?

A

Liver:
Insulin - stimulates uptake of glucose by increasing flux
Glucagon - Stimulates glucose export through degredation rxns

Skeletal muscle:
Insulin - Stimulates glucose uptake by increasing GLUT4 protein
Glucagon - N/A

Adipose:
Insulin - Stimulates glucose uptake by increasing GLUT 4 increasing FA synth and leading to TAG storage in adipocytes
Glucagon - Stimulates FA export by activating TAG hydrolysis

Brain:
Insulin - Stimulates neutral signaling to hypothalamus to decrease eating and increase energy expenditure
Glucagon - N/A

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13
Q

What is the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes?

A

TI:
- Early in life
- Autoimmune destroys beta cells
- Insulin injections

TII:
- Insulin resistant diabetes
- Older people
- Defective response

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14
Q

What is insulin resistance?

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15
Q

Why is metabolic flux similar to prolonged starvation and diabetes?

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16
Q

Why are ketone bodies overproduced during starvation? In cases of diabetes why can excess ketone bodies be harmful?

A
  • Ketone produced as acetyl-CoA concentration rises due to lack of citric acid cycle intermediates(OAA)

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17
Q

What are the long term effects of elevated blood glucose levels?

A
  • Proteins become glycated leading to ineffective hemoglobin (seen in extremities of diabetes)
  • Increased risk of cardiovascular disease, Renal failure, damage in small vessels + nerves
18
Q

How will you test blood glucose levels?

A

CHEM 441A+B (22 decks)

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