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Heredity > Chapter 9: Gene Expression and Gene Regulation > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Gene Expression and Gene Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Which key experiments by Garrod, Beadle and Tatum established a link between genes, proteins, and phenotype?

A

Garrod (alkaptonuria) and Beadle and Tatum (Neurospora)

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2
Q

How do genes produce phenotypes?

A

The action of proteins

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3
Q

Where are the instructions for proteins encoded?

A

in the nucleotide sequences of DNA

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4
Q

What term describes an individual’s collection of genes.

A

genotype

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5
Q

What term is described as an individual’s observable traits, such as height, eye color, and blood type?

A

phenotype

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6
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

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7
Q

What kind of bonds link proteins composed of amino acids

A

covalent peptide bonds

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8
Q

What creates extensive protein diversity?

A

20 different amino acids

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9
Q

What is another name for alkaptonuria?

A

black urine disease

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10
Q

How is alkaptonuria characterized?

A

altered metabolism of homogentisic acid

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11
Q

What type of pattern does alkaptonuria follow?

A

Follows a recessive pattern of inheritance, leading researchers to propose that a defective gene was the underlying cause

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12
Q

What did experiments of Neurospora by Beadle and Tatum show?

A

specific mutations in DNA cause loss of activity in a specific enzyme

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13
Q

What did experiments with neurospora by Beadle and Tatum prove?

A

Proved that genes produce phenotypes through proteins

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14
Q

What does the genetic code consist of?

A

codons that encode information for specific amino acids.

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15
Q

The term that describes triplets of nucleotides in mRNA that encode information for a specific amino acid in a protein.

A

Codon

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16
Q

What is the name of a codon in mRNA that signals the end of translation?

A

Stop codons including UAA, UAG, UGA

17
Q

What is the name of a codon present in mRNA that signals the location for translation to begin?

A

Start codon

18
Q

Which start codon codes for the amino acid methionine?

19
Q

Is genetic code universal?

20
Q

Does the genetic code allow redundancy?

21
Q

What are the steps of the transfer of genetic information from the linear sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule into a linear sequence of amino acids?

A
  1. pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA)
  2. Transcription
  3. messenger RNA (mRNA)
  4. Translation
22
Q

What is the name of the transcript made from the DNA template that is processed and modified to form messenger RNA?

A

pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA)

23
Q

Term that defines the transfer of genetic information from the base sequence of DNA to the base sequence of RNA, mediated by DNA synthesis

A

transcription

24
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

The nucleus

25
Q

In what step is genetic information encoded in a gene and copied into a pre-mRNA molecule?

A

transcription

26
Q

A single-stranded complementary copy of the amino acid coding nucleotide sequence of a gene

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

27
Q

What molecule is pre-mRNA is processed into?

28
Q

How does mRNA leave the nucleus and move into the cytoplasm?

A

through a nuclear pore

29
Q

Conversion of information encoded in the nucleotide sequence of mRNA molecule into the linear sequence of amino acids in a protein.

A

translation

30
Q

What are the three steps of transcription?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
31
Q

Which step of transcription consists of RNA polymerase binding to the promoter sequence
of the template strand of DNA
and RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA helix?

A

Initiation

32
Q

Which step of transcription consists of Further unwinding of the DNA helix and RNA polymerase reads the template strand and synthesizes the pre-mRNA molecule?

A

Elongation

33
Q

Which step of transcription consists of genetic information in the mRNA is converted
into an amino acid (polypeptide) chain and the polypeptide chain is processed and folded into a functional protein?

A

Termination

34
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyzes transcription?

A

RNA polymerase

35
Q

What are the steps in the process of splicing mRNA?

A
  1. Template strand of DNA is transcribed into a pre-mRNA molecule
  2. The ends of this molecule are modified and introns are spliced out to produce a mature mRNA molecule
  3. the mRNA is then moved to the cytoplasm for translation
36
Q

During transcription, a large pre-mRNA precursor molecule is produced. What is their job, and where do they reside?

A

These pre-mRNA molecules are processed in the nucleus to remove introns.
Introns are nucleotide sequences in genes that are not translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein.

Heredity (5 decks)

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