Chapter 9: Gene Expression and Gene Regulation Flashcards
Which key experiments by Garrod, Beadle and Tatum established a link between genes, proteins, and phenotype?
Garrod (alkaptonuria) and Beadle and Tatum (Neurospora)
How do genes produce phenotypes?
The action of proteins
Where are the instructions for proteins encoded?
in the nucleotide sequences of DNA
What term describes an individual’s collection of genes.
genotype
What term is described as an individual’s observable traits, such as height, eye color, and blood type?
phenotype
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
What kind of bonds link proteins composed of amino acids
covalent peptide bonds
What creates extensive protein diversity?
20 different amino acids
What is another name for alkaptonuria?
black urine disease
How is alkaptonuria characterized?
altered metabolism of homogentisic acid
What type of pattern does alkaptonuria follow?
Follows a recessive pattern of inheritance, leading researchers to propose that a defective gene was the underlying cause
What did experiments of Neurospora by Beadle and Tatum show?
specific mutations in DNA cause loss of activity in a specific enzyme
What did experiments with neurospora by Beadle and Tatum prove?
Proved that genes produce phenotypes through proteins
What does the genetic code consist of?
codons that encode information for specific amino acids.
The term that describes triplets of nucleotides in mRNA that encode information for a specific amino acid in a protein.
Codon