Chapter 1 Flashcards
What method of gene therapy is used for treating disease by stimulating the immune system?
immunotherapy
The study of heredity and how traits (i.e. eye color) and disease are passed from generation to generation.
Genetics
What is a gene?
The fundamental unit of heredity and the basic structural and functional unit of genetics
Name of the primary carrier of genetic information made of nucleotides in a double helix
DNA including nucleotides of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine
Which monk scientist is responsible for the scientific foundation of genetics using pea plants?
Gregor Mendel. He used pea plants to prove that traits are not blended, instead genes remain intact from generation to generation
TRUE or FALSE
Gene mechanisms are the same for all organisms?
TRUE
What is transmission genetics?
The science of gene transmission from parent to offspring
What do pedigree analysis show?
Diagram that represents the inheritance of a trait through several family generations.
Which branch of science studies chromosome number and structure (organization and arrangement of genes) under a microscope?
Cytogenetics
Term to define the standardized arrangements of chromosomes that are used to diagnose or rule out certain genetic disorders
Karyotype
The study of genetic events at the biochemical level. Uses recombination DNA technology to identify, isolate, and produce millions of copies of genes (clones) to be studied in the lab.
Molecular genetics
What is gene therapy?
Uses molecular genetics to perform a procedure where normal genes are transplanted into humans carrying defective copies to treat genetic diseases.
What are transgenic organisms?
genetically modified organisms cloned in a lab
The unique DNA set carried by an individual
Genome
The study of organization, function and evolution of genomes
Genomics
What are Eugenics?
Created by Galton, Darwin’s cousin, selective breeding of humans. Popular and influential from 1905-1933.
What laws in the early twentieth century were passed in the US pertaining to Eugenics?
Immigration Restriction Act of 1924 singed by President Coolidge. Most immigrants were deemed inferior except those from Western European countries.
Other examples were the Chinese Exclusion Acts of 1882 and 1902 and Japanese restrictions in 1907. Lawmakers saw no need to restrict entry from Africa.
What year were restrictive immigration laws pertaining to eugenics abolished?
1965 by Immigration and Nationality Act sponsored by Representative Emmanuel Cellar of NY.
The mistaken idea that human traits are determined solely by genetic inheritance, ignores the contribution of the environment.
Heredetariansim
Decline of eugenics in the US started with the rise of the Nazi movement. Nazi passed the Law for the Protection Against Genetically Defective Offspring which
expanded to killing people who were described as socially defective and justification of genocide.
Aside from immigration restrictions, what is another right that was restricted when eugenics was popular?
Eugenics restricted reproductive rights.
Men in the 1920s decided that those “unfit” to reproduce should be sterilized or institutionalized to “prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind”. Sterilization laws were passed in over 33 states for certain individuals who were diagnosed as “feeble-minded (alcoholic, promiscuous, criminal)”. More than 60,000 people were sterilized before the practice ended in 1979.
What year did the Human Genome Project (HGP) become a federal program?
1990
What year did the Human Genome Project (HGP) finish human genome sequence and gene coding?
2003
Name for single nucleotide differences between and among individuals in a population or species
Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
What are Haplotypes?
genetic markers derived from SNPs used to identify links common complex traits and disorders
Analysis of genetic variation across an entire genome searching for linkages between variations in DNA sequence and a genome region encoding a specific phenotype. Helps to unravel the number and identity of genes associated to disease.
Genome wide association study (GWAS)
Which cells act as a reservoir of cells that provides replacements for lost cells?
Stem cell research has generated a new field called regenerative medicine.
What are the risks of eating processed foods?
80% of all processed foods are made with transgenic or GMO produce. Risks: herbicide resistance and genetically modified traits may be transferred to other organisms hurting the ecosystem. Animals are being cloned.
What is the sector of the economy producing genetically modified goods, food, medicine, etc?
Biotechnology
What is the sector of the economy producing genetically modified goods, food, medicine, etc?
Biotechnology
