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AS Level Biology > Chapter 9: Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Gas Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main adaptations and functions of the gas exchange system?

A
  1. Clean and warm the air that enters
  2. Maximise the surface area
  3. Maintain the diffusion distance
  4. Maintain the diffusion gradient
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2
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need gas exchange surfaces?

A

The MCO’s have a large diffusion distance, so they need efficient gas exchange surfaces

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3
Q

What is the significance of alveoli?

A

The small alveoli in humans collectively make up a very large surface area.

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4
Q

Why in the human body are the lungs?

A

In the thorax

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5
Q

What is the membrane surrounding the lungs?

A

Pleural membranes

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6
Q

What is the function of pleural membranes?

A

Reduce friction between the the lungs and the diaphragm and ribs

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7
Q

What is the pleural membrane?

A

It is a membrane which surrounds a fluid region around the lungs

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8
Q

What is the trachea?

A

It is a cartilaginous tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi, allowing the passage of air

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9
Q

What is the intercostal muscle?

A

They are a group of muscles that run between the ribs and help form and move the chest walls.

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10
Q

What is the function of the intercostal muscles?

A

They are involved in the mechanical aspect of breathing by helping expand and shrink the chest cavity.

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11
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

It is a thin skeletal muscle that sits at the bas of the chest and separates the abdomen from the chest.

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12
Q

What is the function of the cartilage of the trachea and the bronchi?

A

They help keep them open and prevent the collapse of the trachea and the bronchi.

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13
Q

What is the function of the terminal bronchiole?

A

It is the most distal segment of the conducting zone.

It branches off the lesser bronchioles. This branches off into the respiratory bronchioles.

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14
Q

What is respiratory bronchioles?

A

They are the final division of the bronchiole.

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15
Q

Describe the passage of air from the trachea to the alveoli.

A

Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Terminal Bronchioles -> Alveoli

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16
Q

Where do we find cartilage in the respiratory system?

A

Trachea and Bronchus

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17
Q

Where do we find Goblet cells in the respiratory system?

A

In the trachea and Bronchus

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18
Q

Where do we find smooth muscle in the respiratory system?

A

In the Trachea, Bronchus, and Terminal Bronchioles

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19
Q

Where dow e find Cilia in the in the respiratory system?

A

In the Trachea, Bronchus, Terminal Bronchiole and a few in the respiratory bronchiole.

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20
Q

What are the gas exchange surface of the respiratory system?

A

The alveolar duct and the alveoli

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21
Q

Why do bronchioles have smooth muscle?

A

So that they can contract and relax based on the demand of oxygen.

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22
Q

How is the air entering the airway moistened?

A

From the evaporation of the mucus

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23
Q

Why is the air entering the air way moistened?

A

To prevent the lungs from drying out

24
Q

What do mucous hairs do?

A

They trap larger particles

25
Q

What is Mucin?

A

It is the highly glycosylated protein made by the epithelial cells

26
Q

What is the function of the Goblet Cell?

A

To secrete Mucus

27
Q

What is the function of the cilia?

A

They sweep the mucus upto the larynx where it can get digested

28
Q

What are macrophages?

A

They are Phagocytic cells found in tissues throughout the body; they act as antigen presenting cells (APCs)

29
Q

Why makes alveoli elastic in nature?

A

They have elastic fibres in them

30
Q

Why do alveoli have to be elastic in nature?

A

So that they can stretch and recoil and have an adaptive expansion

31
Q

What is the function of the alveoli?

A

To increase the surface area of the lungs - this is seen when they are fully expanded

32
Q

Why can O2 and CO2 diffuse easily in and out of the alveoli?

A

Alveoli have thin squamous cell wall and tightly coiled blood vessels.

33
Q

What are the 3 main threatening chemicals in smoke?

A
  1. Tar
  2. Nicotine
  3. Carbon Monoxide
34
Q

What is tar? Why are they dangerous?

A

It is a mixture of compounds that settle on the lungs and cause lung disease and lung cancer.

35
Q

Why are carcinogens dangerous?

A

They can cause cancer by mutations

36
Q

Why does smoking cause lung diseases?

A

Harmful gases and particles settle and they are not swept away due to their small size. Tend to settle because of the slow movement of air through the lungs.

37
Q

What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease?

A

COPD is a disease of the lungs characterised by bronchitis and emphysema.

38
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

It is a disease in which the airways in the lungs become inflamed and congested with mucus; chronic bronchitis is often associated with smoking.

39
Q

How does tar affect the respiratory system?

A

it stimulates the release of excess mucus which clogs the air way and also kills off the ciliated epithelial cells.

40
Q

Name an infection likely to occur due to chronic bronchitis.

A

Pneumonia

41
Q

What is emphysema?

A

It is caused when the alveoli burst as they have lost the ability to stretch and recoil

42
Q

How do alveoli lose the ability to stretch and recoil in emphysema?

A

The elastin of the alveoli is broken down as phagocytes release elactase to reach the site of inflammation

43
Q

Why do patients with emphysema have higher breathing rates?

A

Due to the decreased ventilation and build up of gases

44
Q

Why doe emphysema patients have a lower quality of life?

A

Due to the wheezing and breathlessness.

45
Q

Why does smoking cause lung cancer?

A

Tumours can form due to the mutations that occur due to carcinogens that is contained in tobacco smoke.

46
Q

Why might lung cancer be dangerous and difficult to treat?

A

The tumour can spread through the bronchial epithelium and then through the lymphatic tissue, causing secondary tumors

47
Q

Where do cancers start in lung cancer patients?

A

In the trachea because this is where the tar will deposit. However it will eventually spread into the bronchus.

48
Q

What are the 3 main ways of identifying lung cancers?

A
  1. Bronchoscopy
  2. Chest X - Ray
  3. CT - scan
49
Q

What are the methods taken to help patient whose lung cancers are going under Metastasis?

A

Chemotherapy and Anticancer drugs

50
Q

How can cancers be treated?

A
  1. Chemotherapy
  2. Surgery
  3. Radiotherapy
51
Q

What the components of cigarettes smoke that damage the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Nicotine

2. Carbon Monoxide

52
Q

What are the effects of consuming nicotine

A
  1. Stimulates the nervous system to constrict arteries
  2. Heart rate and the blood pressure increases
  3. Increases the risk of blood clots
53
Q

Why is nicotine addictive?

A

It is a pleasurable compound that stimulates the release of Dopamine.

54
Q

What is the effect of carbon monoxide to the circulatory system?

A

It moves into haemoglobin and forms the stable compound of carboxyhemoglobin
This means that the oxygen saturation decreases
It may damage the lining of the arteries

55
Q

What are the long term effects of CO on the cardiovascular system?

A

Long term deterioration can lead to CHD or stroke due to fat build up.

AS Level Biology (7 decks)

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