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ACE Group Fitness Instructor Certification > Chapter 9: Fostering Inclusive Experiences for Special Populations > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Fostering Inclusive Experiences for Special Populations Flashcards

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1
Q

This refers to any disease that affects the cardiovascular system, particularly cardiac disease, vascular diseases of the brain and kidney, and peripheral arterial disease.

A

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

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2
Q

Coronary heard disease results from the development of _______________ in the coronary arteries.

A

atherosclerosis

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3
Q

A decrease in the blood supply to a bodily organ, tissue, or part caused by constriction or obstruction of the blood vessels is called what?

a. atherosclerosis
b. hypotension
c. ischemia
d. hypoglycemia

A

c. ischemia

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4
Q

What is the most common cause of sudden death?

A

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

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5
Q

High blood pressure (BP) Stage 1 is defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) in what range?

a. 120-129
b. 130-139
c. > 140
d. >180

A

b. 130-139

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6
Q

High blood pressure (BP) Stage 1 is defined as diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in what range?

a. 70-79
b. 80-89
c. 90-119
d. >120

A

b. 80-89

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7
Q

What percent of Americans over age 75 have hypertension?

A

70

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8
Q

A sensory nerve ending that is stimulated by changes in pressure, as those in the walls of blood vessels is called what?

a. ischemia
b. baroceptor
c. avulsion
d. sarcopenia

A

b. baroceptor

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9
Q

Normal systolic blood pressure is classified as what?

A

<120

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10
Q

Normal diastolic blood pressure is classified as what?

A

<80

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11
Q

If your systolic blood pressure were 120-129, how would your blood pressure be categorized?

A

Elevated

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12
Q

If your systolic blood pressure were 140-179, how would your blood pressure be categorized?

A

High BP stage 2

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13
Q

If your systolic blood pressure were >180, how would your blood pressure be categorized?

A

Hypertensive

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14
Q

If your diastolic blood pressure were 80-89, how would your blood pressure be categorized?

A

High BP stage 1

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15
Q

Students should avoid abruptly changing from lying down to seated or standing if they have what issue?

a. asthma
b. cardiac condition
c. diabetes

A

b. cardiac condition

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16
Q

What is “orthostatic hypotension”?

A

A rapid drop in BP, causing dizziness

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17
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

Shortness of breath

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18
Q

True or False: for people with asthma, high-intensity exercise is recommended.

A

False

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19
Q

The first step for managing an asthma attack is:

a. Have the person drink orange juice or some other rapidly absorbing carbohydrate
b. Stop and rest for at least 10 minutes. Make the person feel comfortable and relaxed.
c. Have the person lie down, feet elevated.
d. Encourage the person to sip cold water

A

b. Stop and rest for at least 10 minutes. Make the person feel comfortable and relaxed.

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20
Q

The 2nd step for managing an asthma attack is:

a. Make sure the prescribed medicine is available and that the person understands how to correctly take the medicine.
b. Call 911
c. Have the person lie down, feet elevated.
d. Encourage the person to sip cold water.

A

a. Make sure the prescribed medicine is available and that the person understands how to correctly take the medicine.

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21
Q

The 3rd step for managing an asthma attack is:

a. Make sure the prescribed medicine is available and that the person understands how to correctly take the medicine.
b. Call 911
c. Have the person lie down, feet elevated.
d. Drink warm liquids.

A

d. Drink warm liquids (no cold drinks).

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22
Q

The 4th step for managing an asthma attack is:

a. Have the person drink orange juice or some other rapidly absorbing carbohydrate
b. Encourage the person to sip cold water.
c. Have the person lie down, feet elevated.
d. If in doubt, get medical help. If the person’s lips or fingernails are turning blue, or if he exhibits shallow breathing and is focusing all attention on breathing, get medical help immediately.

A

d. If in doubt, get medical help. If the person’s lips or fingernails are turning blue, or if he exhibits shallow breathing and is focusing all attention on breathing, get medical help immediately.

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23
Q

These exercise considerations should be used with participants with what issue?

  • Encourage individuals to utilize an extended warm-up and cool-down.
  • Emphasize hydration.
  • Use RPE and dyspnea scale to monitor exercise intensity.
    a. asthma
    b. diabetes
    c. arthritis
    d. pregnancy
A

a. asthma

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24
Q

Pursed-lip breathing may be beneficial for participants with what problem?

a. asthma
b. diabetes
c. arthritis
d. pregnancy

A

a. asthma

Breathe in for 2-seconds through the nose. Breathe out for 4 seconds through pursed lips.

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25
Q

Diaphragmatic breathing may be beneficial for participants with asthma. What is it?

A

Place one hand on the abdomen and one hand on the chest. Inhale with a maximum movement of the abdomen.

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26
Q

What are the early symptoms of insulin reaction (hypoglycemia)?

A

Anxiety and uneasiness
Irritability and confusion
Extreme hunger
A headache

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27
Q

What are the late symptoms of insulin reaction (hypoglycemia)?

A 
Double vision
Sweating, palpitations, and nausea
Loss of motor coordination
Pale, moist skin and strong, rapid pulse
Convulsions
Loss of consciousness
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28
Q

Decreased muscle mass; often used to refer specifically to an age-related decline in muscle mass or lean-body tissue - is the definition of what?

a. dyspenia
b. ischemia
c. neuropathy
d. sarcopenia

A

d. sarcopenia

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29
Q

What is the maximal heart rate for children?

A

200 to 205

30
Q

With regards to group exercise, what is one factor that can potentially harm the fetus?

A

Ambient temperature

31
Q

An individual with diabetes has a pre-exercise glucose level of 80mg/dL. What type of snack is recommended to reduce their risk of experiencing hypoglycemia during exercise?

A

A snack that is high in fast-absorbing carbohydrates, such as juice or a banana.

32
Q

What exercise considerations should be implemented when training older individuals?

A

Perform an extended warm-up and cool-down.

33
Q

True or False: hyperglycemia can result from low pre-exercise blood glucose levels, too much pre-exercise
insulin, or not enough glucose consumption during physical activity.

A

False

34
Q

Before beginning an exercise class, a 60-year-old male participant informs you that he suffers from osteoarthritis. What would be the BEST modification to provide him during class?

a. Find alternative ways to exercise muscles around painful joints.
b. Perform exercises that emphasize a limited range of motion.
c. Engage in plyometric activities to improve his bone density.
d. Increase intensity but decrease frequency to reduce stress on his joints.

A

a. Find alternative ways to exercise muscles around painful joints.

35
Q

What effect do beta-blockers have on heart rate (HR) response?

a. Increased resting, exercise, and maximal heart rate
b. Decreased resting, exercise, and maximal heart rate
c. Decreased exercise heart rate, with no change in resting or maximal heart rate
d. Increased resting and exercise heart rate, with no change in maximal heart rate

A

b. Decreased resting, exercise, and maximal heart rate

36
Q

What is the MOST appropriate response for a GFI to make when a participant who has diabetes shows up to class and says that his pre-exercise blood glucose level is 90mg/dL?

a. Commend him on his sub-100 blood glucose level and lead him in an extended pre-class workout.
b. Recommend that he consume carbohydrates, wait until his blood glucose level increases, and then discuss his return to the class.
c. Postpone his participation in the class until he has worked with his doctor to get his blood glucose under better control.
d. Make note of his pre-class blood glucose level in his file and make sure he is properly hydrated before starting the exercise class.

A

b. Recommend that he consume carbohydrates, wait until his blood glucose level increases, and then discuss his return to the class.

37
Q

A participant approaches an ACE Certified Group Fitness Instructor regarding his interest in improving his low-back health. Which of the following exercise recommendations would be the MOST appropriate for this participant?

a. Perform cat-camel and birddog exercises when warming up for exercise
b. Perform straight-leg deadlifts and sit-ups to increase core strength
c. Perform hamstring and quadriceps stretches during the warm-up
d. Perform alternating toe touches with feet in a wide stance

A

a. Perform cat-camel and birddog exercises when warming up for exercise

38
Q

During the second month of a fall outdoor Bootcamp
class, the temperatures are uncharacteristically cold. A participant who suffers from which of the following ailments would be MOST likely to be affected by the colder weather?
a. Hypertension
b. Exercise-induced asthma
c. Rheumatoid arthritis
d. Overweight or obesity

A

b. Exercise-induced asthma

39
Q

When teaching an exercise class to a group of older adults, what would be the MOST appropriate programming consideration for the class?

a. Exclude balancing activities due to the gradual loss of balance during the aging process
b. Include exercises that mimic movements performed outside of class to improve activities of daily living
c. Significantly vary each class structure in order to prevent boredom
d. Decrease the length of the warm-up due to the lower intensity throughout the class

A

b. Include exercises that mimic movements performed outside of class to improve activities of daily living

40
Q 
Which modification is MOST appropriate when planning mat work for a regular class participant who is in her second trimester of pregnancy?
a. Avoid using any external loads in order to decrease
intensity Incorrect
b. Perform abdominal crunches in a semirecumbent
position on an exercise ball
c. Replace abdominal crunches with a flexibility exercise
d. Avoid the quadruped position for the remainder of the pregnancy
A

b. The semirecumbent position is recommended as a replacement for exercises in the supine position after the first trimester of pregnancy.

41
Q

Which of the following methods of monitoring intensity would be MOST appropriate for a participant who is taking beta-blockers to manage hypertension and has been cleared by her physician to participate in structured group exercise classes?

a. Percent of heart-rate reserve
b. Dyspnea scale
c. Percent of maximal heart rate
d. Ratings of perceived exertion

A

d. The ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) scale is most appropriate to use with participants who are taking medications that alter heart rate. It is a valid and reliable measure of individual intensity that is closely associated with work, maximal oxygen uptake, and heart rate.

42
Q

What is the BEST recommendation for a participant who has a history of low-back pain but is currently not experiencing any issues?

a. Emphasize exercises to regain strength, such as deadlifts and weighted back extensions
b. Educate her on how to improve posture and body positioning during class
c. Require a physician’s release prior to exercise, and recommend physical therapy
d. Attend a strength-training class two to three times per week

A

b. Educate her on how to improve posture and body positioning during class

43
Q

Which of the following recommendations would be
MOST appropriate for a group fitness instructor to give
to a participant who is six months pregnant?
a. Minimize standing in place and control the range of
motion
b. Do not eat prior to class to help avoid indigestion and nausea
c. Avoid the semirecumbent position during exercise
d. Perform exercises at an intensity that correlates with the low- to mid-range of her heart-rate reserve

A

a. For a pregnant participant, keeping the legs moving while standing is an important modification in order to stimulate sluggish venous return. Therefore, the pregnant exerciser should maximize traveling through space and avoid standing still for prolonged periods of time. She should also have a gradual increase in intensity and a controlled range of motion during exercise.

44
Q

A new participant provides a medical release form saying that he should avoid performing isometric exercises. What is the MOST likely reason for these exercise considerations?

a. Cardiovascular disease
b. Asthma
c. Type 2 diabetes
d. Type 1 diabetes

A

a. Cardiovascular disease

45
Q

How would a participant with a blood pressure of 136/92 mmHg be classified?

a. Normal
b. Elevated
c. High BP Stage 1
d. High BP Stage 2

A

c. High BP Stage 1

46
Q

Your ongoing client informs you that he has been prescribed beta-blockers to control his blood pressure. In response to this prescription, you should:
a. Use the perceived exertion scale to measure intensity
b. Adjust target heart rate to prevent overexertion
c. Reduce training intensity to minimize pulse pressure
D. Use a cardio tachometer to measure heart rate

A

a. Use the perceived exertion scale to measure the intensity

47
Q

According to the ACSM guidelines which blood pressure reading requires physician referral?

a. 125/80
b. 130/85
c. 135/85
d. 145/90

A

d. 145/90

48
Q

A 40-year-old man with consistent blood pressure readings of 170/90 should be considered:

a. Hypotensive
b. Elevated
c. High BP Stage 2
d. Normal

A

c. High BP Stage 2

49
Q

Which of the following drugs is MOST unlikely to alter heart rate significantly?

a. Beta-blockers
b. Nicotine
c. Caffeine
d. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

A

d. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

50
Q

Which of the following are common early signs of low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia)?

a. Nausea and vomiting
b. Frequent urination and excessive thirst
c. Numbness in the feet and hands
d. Feeling shaky, hungry, and irritable

A

d. Feeling shaky, hungry, and irritable

51
Q

Individuals who wish to initiate an exercise program may be affected by underlying health conditions. Which of the following is NOT an example of a condition that would alter the individual’s risk according to the American College of Sports Medicine’s risk stratification?

a. Diabetes
b. Cystic fibrosis
c. Thyroid disorder
d. Vertigo

A

d. Although vertigo - a condition characterized by dizziness - may alter an individual’s safety during exercise, it is not considered a risk factor for exercise by the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM).

52
Q

One of the most common cautions cited for pregnant women concerns exercising while positioned supine (lying on the back). The weight of the uterus pressing on blood vessels can reduce blood flow to the fetus which creates a potential for fetal hypoxia and possible developmental disorders. Supine exercises for pregnant women are MOST often:

a. Carefully monitored for duration and repetitions
b. Avoided after first-trimester
c. Avoided after initial weight gain of five pounds
d. Avoided all together

A

b. Avoided after first-trimester

53
Q

The medical profession has come full circle on the value of exercise during pregnancy. It is no longer typical for a physician to prohibit all exercise during pregnancy, especially if a woman is healthy and she had been exercising prior to the pregnancy. However, there are some absolute contraindications to aerobic
exercise during pregnancy. Which of the following is NOT an absolute contraindication?
a. An incompetent cervix/cerclage
b. Ruptured membranes
c. Preeclampsia
d. Poorly controlled hypertension

A

d. Poorly controlled hypertension
While uncontrolled hypertension is a precaution for
the pregnant woman who wishes to exercise, it is not an absolute contraindication.

54
Q

Aquatic exercise is a popular choice among individuals with disabilities and injuries because of the combined effects of buoyancy, viscosity, and hydrostatic pressure. Which justification for choosing water is the LEAST likely to be supported by the evidence?

a. The person with arthritis would benefit from an environment with less compressive forces
b. The individuals with osteoporosis would benefit from an environment with less compressive forces
c. The person with back pain would benefit from an environment with less compressive forces
d. The client with poor balance would benefit from an environment with less compressive forces

A

b. The individual with osteoporosis may benefit more from exercising out of the water because of the effect that weight-bearing has on bone density.

55
Q

During pregnancy, the weight of the uterus during supine exercise will MOST likely cause:

a. An increase in cardiac output
b. An increase in blood pressure
c. A decrease in urine output
d. Shortness of breath

A

d. Shortness of breath

56
Q

Which of the following is MOST unlikely to alter resting and exercise heart rate?

a. Pregnancy
b. Osteoporosis
c. Pacemaker
d. Smoker with 2 pack per day habit

A

b. Osteoporosis

While many diseases will alter both resting and exercise heart rates, osteoporosis is not one of them.

57
Q

Which of the following conditions can affect an individual’s ability to progress exercise intensity, and has symptoms that can be instigated by physical activity?

a. Type 1 diabetes
b. Hypertension
c. Type 2 diabetes
d. Asthma

A

d. Asthma

58
Q

Which of the following joints is MOST commonly afflicted with osteoarthritis?

a. Shoulders
b. Knees
c. Cervical spine
d. Thoracic spine

A

b. Knees
Weight-bearing joints of the lower extremity, such as the knee, hip, and lumbar spine, as well as the wrists, are most commonly affected.

59
Q

What are exercise considerations for participants with osteoarthritis?
a. Diaphragmatic or pursed-lip breathing may beneficial.
b. Teach participants to check their feet periodically to
avoid foot ulcers.
c. Start with bilateral exercises and advance to unilateral exercises once strength and technique have been established.
d. Avoid abruptly changing from lying down or seated to standing.

A

c. Start with bilateral exercises and advance to unilateral exercises once strength and technique have been established.

60
Q

Which of the following is contraindicated for a participant with hypertension?

a. calisthenics
b. Isometric exercises
c. HIIT workout
d. Plyometrics

A

b. Isometric exercises

61
Q

Which of the following methods of estimating exercise intensity is MOST appropriate for individuals with asthma?

a. talk test
b. Target Heart Rate
c. RPE
d. Dyspnea Scale

A

d. Dyspnea Scale

62
Q

Which of the following would be CONTRAINDICATED for a participant who has osteoporosis?

a. weight-bearing exercise
b. Using an elliptical at moderate intensity
c. Double leg V-ups
d. Planks

A

c. Double leg V-ups

63
Q

You notice your client having dyspnea (difficult or labored breath) during a light aerobic warm-up. Which health condition could be affecting his physical activity?

a. Atherosclerosis
b. Chronic Obstructive pulmonary disease
c. Atrophy
d. Diabetes

A

b. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease affects the lung making it difficult for them to deliver oxygen to the body’s tissues. Similar diseases such as bronchitis and asthma should be cleared by the client’s physician before beginning or continuing an exercise program.

64
Q

Clients with low-back pain should avoid which of the following?

a. Unsupported forward flexion and rapid movements
b. Muscular endurance training with high repetition and lower resistance
c. Maintaining a neutral pelvic alignment and an erect torso during exercise
d. Both a and b

A

a. Unsupported forward flexion and rapid movements

65
Q

Which type of exercise should older adults avoid in order to prevent spikes in blood pressure?

a. Eccentric contractions
b. Concentric contractions
c. Flexibility training
d. Isometric contractions

A

d. Isometric contractions
Older adults should avoid isometric exercises in which a muscle is held in a position of contraction as this can increase blood pressure. Older adults should also avoid holding their breath during resistance training for the same reason.

66
Q

Which of the following considerations would NOT have an effect on modifying an exercise program for an older adult client?

a. Avoiding cardiovascular risk
b. Avoiding orthopedic risk
c. Avoiding tissue elasticity
d. The need to preserve muscle tissue

A

c. Avoiding tissue elasticity
Training an older adult requires relative low-intensity
exercise for the first several weeks of an exercise program. It should be assumed that there could be underlying heart disease in order to exercise with caution. C is not correct as you would want to preserve as much tissue elasticity as possible.

67
Q

Which client would you not advise for a waterbased
exercise program?
a. A client who needs to reduce orthopedic loading.
b. An older client who has hip and knee issues.
c. A client with a compromised circulatory function.
d. An obese client with limited ROM.

A

c. A client with a compromised circulatory function.
Immersion in water causes the blood to
be redistributed to the central circulation,
away from the limbs. In people with compromised
circulatory function, this can lead to complications like breathlessness and heart failure.

68
Q

Your student has osteoporosis. You may need to avoid which of the following movements?
a. Spinal flexion
b. Pulling exercises from behind the head
c. Adducting or abducting the legs against
resistance
d. All of the above

A

d. Each of the movements mentioned can be of concern and need to be avoided with a client who has osteoporosis.

69
Q

True or false: heat exhaustion can occur more quickly with children than with adults.

A

True: Children sweat less. Humid environments can cause their core temperature to rise faster than their dissipation rate.

70
Q

Which of the following is not true concerning pregnant women and exercise?
a. Cardiac reserve is reduced in pregnant
women.
b. The center of gravity moves upward and out.
c. Many women become less flexible during pregnancy.
d. Kegel exercises are safe during pregnancy.

A

c. Many women become less flexible during pregnancy.

71
Q

Which of the following is an inappropriate exercise for a woman who is 5 months pregnant?

a. Graded walking on a treadmill
b. Step-ups
c. Jump rope
d. Abdominal crunches

A

c. Jump rope

Pregnant women are generally advised to avoid any form of jumping.

72
Q

Your new client informs you that she has diabetes and is taking insulin. What is the most important thing to do for this client?
a. Make sure she eats a large meal before exercising.
b. Refer her to a physician prior to beginning an exercise program.
c. Monitor her blood glucose levels throughout the
session.
d. Have her fill out a waiver of liability prior to exercise.

A

b. Refer her to a physician prior to beginning an exercise program.
It is very important for a client receiving insulin for diabetes to consult with a physician prior to beginning any kind of exercise program, both for legal reasons as well as client safety.

ACE Group Fitness Instructor Certification (10 decks)

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