Chapter 9: Executing Formal Fitness Assessments Flashcards
Postural distortion patterns (286)
Common postural malalignments and muscle imbalances that individuals develop based on a variety of factors.
Pronation distortion syndrome (286)
A postural distortion syndrome characterized by foot pronation (flat feet) and adducted and internally rotated knees (knock knees).
Lower crossed syndrome (286)
A postural distortion syndrome characterized by an anterior tilt to the pelvis (arched lower back).
Upper crossed syndrome (286)
A postural distortion syndrome characterized by a forward head and rounded shoulders.
Transitional movement assessments (293)
A type of assessment that evaluates dynamic posture.
Overhead squat assessment (293)
A transitional movement assessment designed to assess dynamic flexibility, core strength, balance, and overall neuromuscular control.
Knee valgus (293)
The process where the knees move forward and in, otherwise known as “knock knees.”
Pronation distortion syndrome
overactive/short muscles
gastrocnemius, soleus, peroneals, adductors, tension fascia latae, hip flexor complex, biceps femoris (short head).
Pronation distortion syndrome
underactive/lengthened muscles
anterior tibialis, posterior tibialis, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius.
Lower crossed syndrome
overactive/short muscles
gastrocnemius, soleus, hip flexor complex, adductors, latissumus dorsi, erector spinae.
Lower crossed syndrome
underactive/lengthened muscles
anterior tibialis, posterior tibialis, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, transverse abdominis.
Upper crossed syndrome
overactive/short muscles
upper trapezius, levator scapulae, sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, latissumus dorsi, teres major, subscapularis, pectoralis major/minor.
Upper crossed syndrome
underactive/lengthened muscles
deep cervical flexors, serratus anterior, rhomboids, mid-trapezius, lower trapezius, teres minor, infraspinatus.
What are the associated muscles imbalances for pronation distortion syndrome?
Increased: knee adduction, knee internal rotation, foot pronation, foot external rotation.
What are the decreased muscle imbalances in pronation distortion syndrome?
ankle dorsiflexion and ankle inversion.
What are the associated muscle imbalances for lower crossed syndrome?
Increased lumbar extension and decreased hip extension.
What are the associated muscle imbalances for upper crossed syndrome?
Increased cervical extension, scapular protraction/elevation. Decreased shoulder extension, shoulder external rotation.
When reviewing the LPHC during the overhead squat assessment, an individual with an excessive forward lean has what probable overactive muscles and underactive muscles?
Soleus, gastrocnemius, hip flexor complex, abdominal complex.
Underactive: anterior tibialis, gluteus maximus, erector spinae.
During an overhead squat assessment you notice the lower back arches (anterior pelvic tilt) at the LPHC checkpoint. What would be the probable overactive/underactive muscles for this malalignment?
overactive: hip flexor complex, erector spinae, latissimus dorsi.
underactive: gluteus maximus, hamstring complex, intrinsic core stabilizers (transverse abdominis, multifidus, transversospinalis, internal oblique pelvic floor.)
You notice that your clients low back rounds (posterior pelvic tilt) during an overhead squat assessment, at the LPHC checkpoint. What would be the probable overactive/underactive muscles?
overactive muscles: hamstring complex, rectus abdominis
underactive muscles: intrinsic core stabilizers, gluteus maximus, erector spinae.
Your clients feet are “turning out” during an overhead squat assessment while looking at their feet, anteriorly. What would be the probable overactive/underactive muscles attributed to this?
overactive: soleus, lateral gastrocnemius, biceps femoris (short head).
underactive: medial gastrocnemius, medial hamstring complex, gracilis, Sartorius, popliteus.
At the “knees” checkpoint during an overhead squat assessment, you see that your clients knees are “moving inward.” What probable overactive/underactive muscles would be attributed to this?
overactive muscles: adductor complex, soleus/gastrocnemius, biceps femoris (short head), tensor fasciae latae, vastus lateralis.
underactive muscles: gluteus medius/maximus, vastus medialis oblique.
You ask your client to perform a single-leg squat assessment and you notice their knees are moving inward. What probable overactive/underactive muscles would be attributed to this?
overactive muscles: adductor complex, biceps femoris (short head), tensor fasciae latae, vastus lateralis,
underactive muscles: gluteus maximus/medius, vastus medialis oblique.
Low back arching at the LPHC during the pushing assessment, is indicative for what probable overactive/underactive muscles?
overactive muscle: hip flexors, erector spinae.
underactive muscles: intrinsic core stabilizers.
The compensation is shoulder elevation during the pushing assessment. What are the probable overactive/underactive muscles?
overactive muscles: upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, levator scapulae.
underactive muscles: mid/lower trapezius.
The compensation is, “head migrates forward” during the pushing assessment. What are the probable overactive/underactive muscles?
overactive: upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, levator scapulae.
underactive: deep cervical flexors.
What are the kinetic chain checkpoints for the pulling assessment?
LPHC, shoulder complex, and head.
Which probable overactive/underactive muscles would be attributed to a low back arch compensation during a pulling assessment at the LPHC checkpoint?
overactive: hip flexors, erector spinae.
underactive: intrinsic core stabilizers.
Shoulder elevation during a pulling assessment is attributed to what probable overactive/underactive muscles?
overactive: upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, levator scapulae.
underactive: mid trapezius, lower trapezius.
When the head protrudes forward during a pulling assessment, what would be the probable overactive/underactive muscles attributed to this?
overactive: upper trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, levator scapulae.
underactive: deep cervical flexors.
