Chapter 9 - Enthalpy Flashcards
What is enthalpy?
the heat content stored in a chemical system
What is a system?
the reactants and products in a reaction
What are the surroundings?
the area around the system (e.g beaker, air)
What is the enthalpy change? ΔH
the energy change at a constant pressure
What is the activation energy?
the minimum energy required to start a reaction
What is the definition of an EXOthermic reaction?
EXOthermic chemical is where the products have a lower enthalpy content than the reactants.
Energy is given out to the surroundings (temp goes up)n
ΔH = NEGATIVE
What is the definition of an ENDOthermic reaction?
ENDOthermic chemical reaction is where the products have a higher enthalpy content than the reactants.
Energy is taken in from the surroundings (temp goes down)
ΔH = POSITIVE
What is an enthalpy change?
an energy change at constant pressure
What are the standard conditions?
100kPa - Pressure
298K (25C) - Temperature
1.0M - Concentration
What is the definition of the standard enthalpy change of reaction ΔHr⦵?
the enthalpy change that accompanies a reaction in the molar quantities expressed in a chemical equation.
(If in standard conditions) under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states
What is the definition of enthalpy change of neutralization ΔHn?
the standard enthalpy change when an aqueous acid is neutralized by an aqueous base to form ONE MOLE OF WATER under standard conditions
Why is the value of enthalpy of neutralization always the same?
because the reaction between any strong acid and alkali involves the reaction between H+ ions and OH- ions
What is the value of the enthalpy of neutralization?
-57 kJ mol -1
Why is the enthalpy of neutralization for weak acids LESS EXOTHERMIC than that for strong acids?
Weak acids are partially dissociated into H+ solution.
Energy must, therefore, be put in to break the O-H bonds before neutralization can take place
What is the equation used for enthalpy of neutralization?
Q = mc∆T
Describe the experiment for Colourimetry (Neutralisation)?
1) Put a clean polystyrene cup into a beaker
2) Pipette 25cm of 1.0 mol of HCL into cup and place lid over
3) Put thermometer through lid within a tripod
4) Pipette 25cm of 1.0 mol of sodium hydroxide into another polystyrene cup
5) Wait until both temperatures settle and then record
6) Pour alkali into acid and place lid onto cup
7) Stir well and record results once its reached maximum temp
8) Put results into table
What is the definition of the enthalpy of combustion?
The enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a substance reacts completely with oxygen under standard conditions, all reactants and products being in their standard states
When energy is taken from the surroundings when bonds are broken it is…..
endothermic (+)
When energy is given to the surroundings when bonds are formed it is…..
exothermic (-)
Reaction which is…………more energy is released when new bonds are formed in the products than is taken into break bonds in the reactants
Exothermic
Reaction which is…………less energy is released when new bonds are formed in the products than is taken into break bonds in the reactants
Endothermic
What is the definition of bond enthalpy?
The amount of energy required to break a particular bond in a gaseous molecule
What is the definition of the average bond enthalpy?
Change that takes place when breaking 1 mole of a given type of bond in the molecules of a gaseous species
