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Nutrition Unit 4 > Chapter 9: Energy Metabolism > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Energy Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

can fatty acids be converted to glucose

A

NO
cells cannot make glucose from the 2-carbon fatty acid fragment

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2
Q

what are the cells major energy producing organelles

A

mitochondria

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3
Q

what are the 4 stages of aerobic respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. transition reaction
  3. citric acid cycle
  4. electron transport chain
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4
Q

in the first stage of aerobic respiration - glycolysis - know:

  1. where it occurs in the cell
  2. what compound it starts with
  3. what compounds it ends with
A
  1. occurs with the cytosol
  2. glucose is oxidized to 2 molecules of pyruvate
  3. 2 NADH and 2 ATP are produced
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5
Q

in the second stage of aerobic respiration - transition reaction - know:

  1. where it occurs in the cell
  2. what compound it starts with
  3. what compounds it ends with
A
  1. occurs within mitochondria
  2. pyruvate is further oxidized and joins with coenzyme A to form
  3. acetyl-CoA
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6
Q

in the third stage of aerobic respiration - citric acid cycle - know:

  1. where it occurs in the cell
  2. what compound it starts with
  3. what compounds it ends with
A
  1. occurs within mitochondria
  2. acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle and ATP is formed
  3. carbon dioxide is released as easter when we exhale
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7
Q

in the fourth stage of aerobic respiration - electron transport chain - know:

  1. where it occurs in the cell
  2. what compound it starts with
  3. what compounds it ends with
A
  1. occurs within mitochondria
  2. NADH (from stages 1-3) and FADH (stage 3) give their 2 hydrogens to an oxygen and create
  3. water (H2O)
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8
Q

anabolism =

A

the process of building compounds

REQUIRES ENERGY (ATP)

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9
Q

catabolism =

A

the process of breaking down compounds into smaller units

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10
Q

___ is the final electron acceptor in the ETC

A

oxygen

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11
Q

which cells lack mitochondria

A

adipose cells need very little ATP and have fewer mitochondria

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12
Q

which is more efficient, aerobic or anaerobic metabolism?

A

aerobic metabolism

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13
Q

what is BMR

A

BMR = basal metabolic rate

minimum amount of energy expanded in a fasting state (12 hours or more) to keep a resting, awake body alive in a warm, quiet environment

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14
Q

what is RMR

A

resting metabolic rate

when not fasting or completely rested

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15
Q

is RMR higher or lower than BMR

A

RMR is typically 6% higher than BMR

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16
Q

what factors increase BMR

A

greater muscle mass
larger body surface area
male gender
body temp
hyperthyroidism
inc. sympathetic nervous system stimulation
growth
caffeine
tobacco

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17
Q

what factors decrease BMR

A

hypothyroidism
restricted calorie intake
smaller body size
decreases muscle mass
aging after 30 year olds

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18
Q

the BMI formula is

A
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19
Q

the BMI formula is

A

weight X 703 / height squared (in inches)

(divide by height twice)

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20
Q

health BMI range is

A

18.5-24.9

health risks are at 25 and above

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21
Q

when do we NOT use BMI

A

for pregnant/lactating women
children
teens
frail elderly

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22
Q

genes account for a __ to ___% weight difference in people, even identical twins

A

40-70%

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23
Q

what factors affect body weight

A

genetics

thrift gene theory = people with thrifty genes can store energy efficiently and considered desirable when there were famines

set point theory = each body tries to maintain its weight at a certain weight range

environment (family and friends)

aging, estrogen, calories, lifestyle, weight history

disease and disorders

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24
Q

how many steps are there when our body has to use fatty acids to make energy

A

2

step 1: lipolysis

step 2: beta oxidation (AKA fatty acid oxidation)
break down of fatty acids

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25
lipolysis is
triglycerides (from the diet or adipose tissue) are broken down into FAs and Glycerol
26
what hormone is needed for lipolysis? what stimulates and blocks it?
hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) - stimulated by glucagon, growth hormone and epinephrine - blocked by insulin
27
what enzyme takes fatty acids from the cytosol to mitochondria
carnitine
28
which yields more energy: glucose oxidation or beta oxidation
beta oxidation
29
do carbohydrates help burn fatty acids, or are they not involved?
they do help burn fatty acids
30
gluconeogenesis is
producing from glucogenic amino acids and other compounds
31
gluconeogenesis only happens in the __ and ___
liver and kidney
32
when our body gets rid of the amino group it takes off the proteins that are broken down for energy production, what re these amino groups converted to for waste removal?
converted to ammonia (NH3) excreted in the urine
33
if someone has liver disease, what builds up in the blood because the liver isnt doing its job of waste removal?
ammonia can build up to toxic concentrations in the blood
34
if someone has kidney disease, what builds up in the blood if the kidneys aren't doing their job of waste removal?
the toxic agent is urea
35
what are 3 components to healthy weight loss?
1. control of eneryg intake
36
what are 3 components to healthy weight loss?
1. control of energy intake 2. physical activity 3. control problem behaviors
37
how many calories are in one pound of fat
3,500
38
what are some strategies to maintaining weight loss
1. eat a lower fat, high carbohydrate diet (fruits, veggies, whole grains) 2. eat breakfast 3. self-monitor your eating habits by keeping a food journal 4. have a physical activity plan
39
what is the most common eating disorder
obesity
40
___ is the "currency" of the body
energy
41
what are the ways to measure body fat content (5)
1. underwater weighing 2. air displacement 3. skinfold thickness 4. bioelectrical impendence 5. dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
42
is ATP recycled or used once and then done
ATP is recycled each cell constantly breaking down ATP and rebuilding it
43
what increases ATP, or energy, usage?
strenuous exercise
44
what is ketogenesis?
production of ketone bodies by incomplete fatty acid oxidation
45
when someone is in ketosis, are they in an anabolic or catabolic state?
anabolic because ketone bodies are building up
46
what are some concerns with fad diets?
1. encourage rapid weight loss (not permanent weight loss) 2. do not encourage behavior change 3. the weight is lost is usually regained
47
when people stop or greatly restrict carbohydrate intake, the weight loss they see in the first week is usually due to ____
lean tissue and water loss
48
what is one hormone imbalance that can cause ketosis?
insulin
49
what is the name of the ketone that leaves the body via the lungs, and what gives the person in ketosis a sweet smelling/fruity breath?
acetone
50
why are oxidation-reduction reactions important?
- for the breakdown and release of energy from carbohydrate, protein, fat, and alcohol - antioxidant defense
51
what does LEO mean
in oxidation LEO = loses electrons oxidation gains oxygen or loses hydrogen
52
what does GER mean
in reduction GER = gain electron reduction loses oxygen or gains hydrogen
53
anaerobic vs aerobic respiration... which one uses oxygen?
aerobic respiration
54
where are ketone bodies formed when glucose in the body drops?
when glucose in the body falls, insulin production also falls this causes the FAs to flood the blood the FAs are used to form ketone bodies in the liver
55
where does protein metabolism take place
primarily in the liver
56
what is step 1 of protein metabolism called
deamination
57
what happens in the first step of protein metabolism
- before an AA can be used for fuel, the amino group must be removed - requires vitamin B-6 - when the amino group is removed, a carbon skeleton is left to enter the citric acid cycle
58
can all amino acids enter the citric acid cycle
glucogenic amino acids pyruvate and acetyl-CoA
59
can all amino acids become glucose
glucogenic amino acids can ketogenic amino acids cannot all except leucine and isoleucine
60
what things are added up to calculate total energy expenditure
BMR + TEF + PA + NEAT TEF = thermic effect of food NEAT = non-exercise activity thermogenesis
61
what is a major reason so much of the US is overweight and obese?
too many calories consumed and not enough burned
62
the TEF is what? and it accounts for __ - __% of our energy expenditure for the day?
thermic effect of food - energy the body uses to digest absorb, transport, store, and metabolize the nutrients consumed in the diet - accounts for 5-10% of the energy expended each day
63
of the 3 macronutrients, carbohydrate, protein, and fat, which has the highest TEF?
TEF of protein
64
someone who shakes their leg while sitting would have a higher __ factor considered when calculating their TEF
NEAT = non exercise activity thermogenesis
65
glucogenic acids can/cannot become glucose?
can
66
ketogenic amino acids can/cannot become glucose?
cannot
67
carbohydrates can be used for fatty acid synthesis - true or false
true
68
carbohydrates can be used for amino acid synthesis - true or false
false
69
amino acids make glucose - true or false
true
70
amino acids can make ATP - true or false
true
71
can fatty acids be broken down to produce glucose, or are they only converted to ketone bodies when broken down
typical fatty acids cannot be converted to glucose
72
PKU is an inborn error of metabolism in which the body cannot metabolize ___ which is an essential amino acid
phenylalanine
73
fasting encourages: 6
1. glycogen breakdown 2. fat breakdown 3. gluconeogenesis 4. blood urea levels increase as protein is broken down 5. ketone bodies are synthesized 6. adaptation
74
feasting encourages: 5
1. fat synthesis 2. insulin production 3. glycogen synthesis 4. protein synthesis 5. urea synthesis
75
2 factors affect our drive to eat:
hunger and appetite
76
hunger = ___ drive for food and controlled by what
physiological controlled by internal body mechanisms (organs, hormones, nervous system)
77
appetite = ___ drive for food and controlled by what
psychological controlled by external factors (social situation time of day, mood, memories of pleasant tastes, sight of tempting food)
78
what is the "full feeling" called
satiety
79
what hormone makes you hungry
ghrelin
80
what hormone makes you full
leptin
81
the rules of five sand sixes for men and women
women - 100lb + 5lb for every inch over 5 ft - then + 10lb to get the healthy range men - 106lb + 6lb for every inch over 5 ft - then + 10lb to get the healthy range
82
what is orthorexia
- an eating disorder when you pay too much attention to what you eat and restrict yourself completely - obsession with pure foods
83
what organ regulates food intake
hypothalamus
84
what hormones help regulate eating behaviors? know where they are made and what purpose they serve?
ghrelin = hungry feeling = hormone made by stomach leptin = full feeling = protein my adipose, acts like a hormone
85
metabolism =
network of chemical processes involved in maintaining life
86
what is formed from oxidation-reduction reactions
water
87
ATP produced by 1 molecule of glucose - glycolysis = __ ATP - citric acid cycle = __ ATP - electron transport chain = __ ATP - total =
2 2 28 total = 32
88
___ levels increase from beta-oxidation
acetyl-CoA
89
high __ decrease energy-yielding reactions and promote anabolic reactions
ATP
90
high __ stimulate energy-yielding reactions and promote catabolic pathways
ADP
91
how many pounds are in 1 kilogram
2.2
92
calculating BMR
pounds / kg female (x 0.9 kcal per hour) men (x 1.0) x 24 hours = kcals/day

Nutrition Unit 4 (2 decks)

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