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History of Psych Test 2 > Chapter 9 - Early approaches to psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Early approaches to psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Wundt’s claim to fame?

A

Founder of psychology

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2
Q

Thought meter

A

Wundt found that it took 1/10 of a second to shift attention from sound of bell to position of pendulum

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3
Q

What was Wundt measuring using his thought meter?

A

Speed of selective/voluntary attention

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4
Q

Divided attention

A

Person can attend to pendulum or to bell, but not to both at same time

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5
Q

When people think they are multitasking, what are they actually doing?

A

Constantly switching their attention back and forth between stimuli

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6
Q

Did Wundt believe that consciousness can be measured and quantified?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Wundt’s Principles of Physiological Psychology goals

A

To create a new field of experimental psychology
To uncover the fundamental facts of human consciousness

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8
Q

What was the original name of Wundt’s journal, and what was it changed to?

A

Philosophical Studies to Psychological Studies

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9
Q

What is often considered as psychology’s DOB?

A

1879

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10
Q

Why is 1879 considered psychology’s DOB?

A

Opened the very popular “Institute for Experimental Psychology” lab at University of Leipzig

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11
Q

What did Wundt oppose?

A

Opposed materialism and aspects of empiricism

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12
Q

What did Wundt believe about consciousness?

A

It is immaterial and that people do not passively/automatically sense and perceive stimuli
Believed we play an active role in synthesizing sensory info

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13
Q

What did Wundt believe about empiricism?

A

Couldn’t account for human will/volition

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14
Q

What is the first technical school of thought in psychology?

A

Voluntarism

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15
Q

What did Wundt see will as?

A

A central concept in psychology/consciousness

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16
Q

What did Wundt include in will as?

A

Attention
Volition
Motivation

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17
Q

What did voluntarism seek to do?

A

Understand mental laws governing consciousness

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18
Q

What kind of mental processes did Wundt believe could be studied experimentally/scientifically?

A

Only basic mental processes/immediate experience (e.g., sensation, perception)

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19
Q

What were Wundt’s beliefs on studying more complex mental processes?

A

Believed that understanding things like morality, language require naturalistic observations and historical analysis

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20
Q

What were Wundt’s two major goals?

A

To discover the basic elements of thoughts
To discover the laws by which mental elements combine into more complex mental experiences (i.e., perception)

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21
Q

How did Wundt seek to discover the basic elements of thought?

A

Through experimental rather than pure introspection

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22
Q

What were the 2 basic elements of thought, according to Wundt?

A

Sensations
Feelings

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23
Q

Sensations

A

Sense organ is stimulated and resulting impulse reaches brain

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24
Q

What are the three aspects of sensations?

A

Modality
Intensity
Qualities

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25
Q

Give 2 examples of the aspects of sensations

A

Auditory; loudness; pitch and timbre
Visual; brightness; hue and sensation

26
Q

What was Wundt’s theory of feelings?

A

Tridimensional theory of feeling

27
Q

Tridimensional theory of feeling

A

Pleasantness-unpleasantness
Excitement-calm
Strain-relaxation

28
Q

Name Wundt’s 3 aspects of discovering the laws by which mental elements combine into more complex mental experiences

A

Apperception
Perception
Creative synthesis

29
Q

Apperception

A

An active process whereby a person chooses to attend to certain stimuli (i.e., voluntarism)

30
Q

What is a synonym for apperception?

A

Attention

31
Q

Perception

A

A passive process whereby an individual gathers an impression based on their physical stimulation, anatomical makeup, and past experiences

32
Q

Creative synthesis

A

People create their experiences through actively attending to and arranging stimuli (e.g., the pitch of a sound)
Accommodate, alter, contextualize information

33
Q

Who said the following quote: “There are no psychological qualities in physics. For example, there is no red, or green, or blue in that world. Redness, greenness, and blueness are phenomena that are created by the cortex of the experiencing individual. A musical quality, the flavour of the wine, or the familiarity of a face is a rapid creative synthesis that cannot, in principle, be explained as a mere sum of elemental physical features.”

A

Wundt

34
Q

What is Edward Titchener’s main claim to fame?

A

Developed the largest doctoral program in the U.S.

35
Q

What is Titchener colloquially known as?

A

“The U.S. representative of Wundtian ideas”

36
Q

Consciousness according to Titchener

A

The sum total of mental experience at any given moment

37
Q

Mind according to Titchener

A

The accumulated experience of a lifetime

38
Q

What kind of science did Titchener emphasize psychology as?

A

Pure science

39
Q

What was Titchener’s school of thought?

A

Structuralism

40
Q

What did Titchener seek to do? How did it differ from Wundt?

A

He did not seek to explain conscious experience (e.g., how perception works), but to describe conscious experience

41
Q

Positivism founder

A

Titchener

42
Q

Positivism

A

Believed psychology’s focus should be on observable mental events

43
Q

Through his introspection, what did Titchener seek to do?
Example?

A

Carefully describe and classify observable mental events
Look at apple: weight, hue, brightness, etc.

44
Q

What did Titchener use his introspection to describe?

A

Sensation (not perception)

45
Q

Stimulus error founder

A

Titchener

46
Q

Stimulus error

A

When meaning is described during introspection

47
Q

Give an example of a stimulus error

A

Calling it an apple instead of describing the colour/hues/weight of an apple

48
Q

What were the 3 mental elements according to Titchener?

A

Sensations
Images
Affections

49
Q

Sensations according to Titchener

A

Elements of perception

50
Q

How many elements of perception were there according to Titchener? Division?

A

Over 40,000
30,000 for vision
12,000 for audition
20 for other senses

51
Q

Images according to Titchener

A

Elements of ideas
Mental representations

52
Q

Affections according to Titchener

A

Elements of emotions/feelings

53
Q

How did Titchener interact with Wundt’s theory of emotion?

A

Adjusted tri-dimensional theory of emotion into one dimension
Believed feelings cannot be described through clearness or extensity
Believed feelings occur over one dimension; could only be described using Wundt’s “pleasantness-unpleasantness” dimension

54
Q

What did Titchener subscribe to in place of voluntary apperception and creative synthesis?

A

Associationism

55
Q

What did Titchener believe drove attention? How did this differ from Wundt?

A

Clearness of sensations (rather than will)

56
Q

Clever Hans

A

Hans the horse seemed to be able to solve arithmetic problems

57
Q

Explain the enigma that is Clever Hans.

A

Carl Stumpf’s committee (e.g., Oskar Pfungst) was unable to detect deception
But Hans was only able to answer accurately when his owner knew the answer and when the questioner was visible to him

58
Q

How did Clever Hans work his magic?

A

Hans was picking up on subtle, non-verbal cues (e.g., nodding)
Read body language

59
Q

The Clever Hans Phenomenon

A

Pfungst tested the subtle cues (e.g., on other humans) and found they were virtually impossible to suppress

60
Q

What did the Clever Hans Phenomenon inspire?

A

Double-blind experimentation as a way to avoid experimenter bias/observer-expectancy effect

61
Q
A
62
Q
A

History of Psych Test 2 (3 decks)

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