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History of Psych Test 2 > Chapter 10 - Evolution and Individual Differences > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Evolution and Individual Differences Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolution

A

Process by which the heritable traits of a species change over time

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2
Q

What is evolution driven by?

A

Natural selection

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3
Q

Natural selection

A

Process by which species come to possess traits because these traits enable them to effectively adapt to their environment (i.e., to survive and reproduce)

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4
Q

What did early evolutionists (e.g., 1700s) recognize?

A

Species change and progress towards a “higher” form
Characteristics are inherited
Species evolve through a struggle to survive
Species evolve from a common ancestor
Characteristics serve a purpose

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5
Q

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck theoretical orientation

A

Philosophie Zoologique

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6
Q

Philosophie Zoologique

A

Fossil evidence shows that species change over time –> become closer to form that makes is easier to survive

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7
Q

What are changes visible in fossil evidence due to?

A

Environmental changes

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8
Q

Lamarck’s main contribution

A

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

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9
Q

Example of inheritance of acquired characteristics

A

Scarcity of prey causes more muscle development, which is then passed down

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10
Q

Herbert Spencer claim to fame

A

Applied evolution to the human mind and society

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11
Q

Give an example of how Spencer applied evolution to the human mind

A

Complexity/differentiation of the NS allows us to make more complex associations (i.e., be more intelligent)

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12
Q

What term did Spencer introduce into modern psychology?

A

Intelligence

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13
Q

Spencer-Bain principle

A

Frequency of behaviour increases if followed by a pleasurable event and decreases if followed by a painful event

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14
Q

Application of Spencer-Bain principle

A

We learn associations in order to engage in behaviours that encourage our survival

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15
Q

What does the Spencer-Bain principle believe about instincts?

A

They are habits/associations inherited from ancestors

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16
Q

What is the colloquial term that stemmed from social Darwinism?

A

Survival of the fittest

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17
Q

Social Darwinism

A

Spencer believed that humans and societies are progressing towards a pre-destined goal of “perfection”
Believed that governments should encourage free competition among citizens, rather than help the “weak” and “poor”

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18
Q

How did Social Darwinism manifest in society?

A

American capitalism and individualism

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19
Q

Who said the following quote: “If they are sufficiently complete to live, they do live, and it is well they should live. If they are not sufficiently complete to live, they die, and it is best they should die.”

A

Herbert Spencer

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20
Q

Charles Darwin’s trip

A

The Voyage of the Beagle

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21
Q

What happened on the Voyage of the Beagle?

A

Observed that species on the Galapagos Islands differed somewhat from island to island (e.g., finches and their beaks)

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22
Q

What were Darwin’s 2 main books?

A

On the Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection
The Descent of Man

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23
Q

What is important for evolution to occur?

A

There is natural variation in individual traits –> need competition

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24
Q

Through a __________________, traits that enable ________ are ___________

A

Struggle for survival
Fitness
Naturally selected

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25
Q

Fitness

A

Ability to survive and reproduce

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26
Q

How are certain traits adaptive features?

A

Because they enable an organism to survive and reproduce

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27
Q

Are adaptive features inherently strength, aggression, or competitiveness?

A

Not necessarily

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28
Q

Did Darwin believe that evolution had a goal?

A

No, he said nothing about evolution as “progress” or “perfection”
Evolution “just happens”

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29
Q

Time span for evolution according to Darwin

A

Argued that evolution occurred over millions of years

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30
Q

What did Darwin believe humans and the great apes descended from?

A

A common ancestor

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31
Q

According to Darwin, why do humans have emotions?

A

Remnants once necessary for survival (e.g., anger for aggression)

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32
Q

What do traits that may not be adaptive now reflect?

A

Evolutionary pressures from 12,000 years ago

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33
Q

Are emotions culturally universal? Explain.

A

Yes, e.g., fear, disgust, sadness, joy, surprise, anger are primary emotions and are expressed and interpreted universally in the same ways

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34
Q

Darwin’s main influence

A

Sparked interest in functionalism, behaviourism, developmental psychology, and individual differences in intelligence and personality, etc.

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35
Q

Who did Darwin influence?

A

Edward Wilson

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36
Q

Edward Wilson

A

Sociobiology: The new Synthesis (1975)

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37
Q

Sociobiology

A

The study of how natural selection shapes social behaviour
E.g., love, altruism, warfare, morality, mating behaviours, parenting behaviours

38
Q

What does sociobiology emphasize?

A

Success in perpetuating one’s genes rather than emphasizing success in reproducing

39
Q

Example of sociobiology

A

Inclusive fitness
We are driven to perpetuate genes of our kin

40
Q

Give real-world example of inclusive fitness

A

Even if someone hates their brother, they are more likely to save him over their best friend from a burning building

41
Q

What is sociobiology now known as?

A

Evolutionary psychology

42
Q

What is Sir Francis Galton’s main claim to fame?

A

Father of eugenics

43
Q

Was Galton on Nature or Nurture side? Explain.

A

Nature; extreme nativism
Originally proposed that intelligence is inherited through sensory acuity (e.g., better vision/hearing = greater intelligence)

44
Q

What term did Galton coin?

A

Eugenics

45
Q

Eugenics

A

Beliefs and practices aimed at improving the genetics of a human population

46
Q

Example of eugenics

A

Through selective breeding

47
Q

What was Galton the first to do?
What did he conclude from this?

A

Administer a questionnaire in psychology
Eventually concluded that potential for intelligence is inherited but must be “nurtured by a proper environment”

48
Q

What was Galton among the first to study?

A

Twins and the nature-nurture question

49
Q

What did Galton find from his twin studies?

A

Found that identical twins were very similar, even when raised apart; fraternal twins were dissimilar, even when raised together

50
Q

What concept did Galton develop?

A

Correlation

51
Q

Galton’s correlation

A

Recognized that two variables are co-related when “the variation on one is accompanied on the average by more or less variation on the other”

52
Q

Examples of Galton’s study of correlation

A

Study on peas, height, “eminence” as an indicator of intelligence

53
Q

Sub-concept of Galton’s correlation

A

Regression toward the mean
E.g., very tall parents tend to have more moderately tall children

54
Q

James McKeen Cattell interest

A

Individual differences (e.g., reaction time, intelligence)

55
Q

What was Cattell the first to do?

A

Opened the first undergraduate psychology lab in the U.S.
The first to use the term “mental test” in a publication

56
Q

What did Cattell develop? Examples?

A

Developed 50 mental tests for uni students at Columbia, most measuring sensory acuity and reaction time
E.g., grip-strength, ability to discriminate weight, ability to remember a series of letters

57
Q

How did Cattell use his mental tests?

A

Administered test to 1st year students at Columbia University

58
Q

Correlations of Cattell’s mental tests

A

One of his grad students found that:
Correlations between the tests were very low (low/no reliability)
Correlations between some tests and university success were nearly zero (low/no validity)

59
Q

What did intelligence tests form the basis of?

A

Eugenics

60
Q

Alfred Binet assumption

A

IQ was largely inherited/genetic

61
Q

Alfred Binet book
Premise?

A

The Experimental Study of Intelligence
Tested, observed, and reported on his daughters’ intellectual development

62
Q

Binet invention

A

1st IQ test: Binet-Simon scale of intelligence

63
Q

How did Binet differ from Galton and Cattell?

A

Emphasized developmental differences and tested cognitive abilities more directly
E.g., memory, attention, visual space, comprehension, moral judgment

64
Q

Why was Binet’s 1905 test developed?

A

To distinguish children with mental deficiencies
E.g., blind or deaf children were previously being falsely classified as having mental deficiencies

65
Q

What did Binet’s scale reflect?

A

Intelligence is a collection of abilities that develop with age and can be improved

66
Q

Main change in Binet’s 1908 test

A

Standardized to determine levels of intelligence among “normal” children aged 3-13
E.g., if 75% of “normal” children of a certain age could pass a test, the test was assigned to that age group

67
Q

Henry Herbert Goddard’s 1st claim to fame?

A

Translated Binet-Simon into English

68
Q

Goddard’s 2nd claim to fame

A

The Kallikak Family: A study in the heredity of feeble-mindedness

69
Q

What term did Goddard’s Kallikak family study coin?

A

Moron

70
Q

Explain the beginning of the Kallikak family lore

A

Deborah (22) shown to have a mental age of 9 and an IQ of 41
Traced ancestry back to 1700s when a male relative (Martin Sr.) had a child (Martin Jr.) with a feeble-minded barmaid

71
Q

Martin Sr.’s lore after barmaid

A

Had 7 children with a “worthy” girl, none of whom were “feeble-minded”
However, 5 of Martin Jr.’s 10 children were “feeble-minded”
Descendants shown to be much more likely to be “criminal, immoral, and antisocial”

72
Q

What did the Kallikak Family study serve as?

A

Early support for eugenics; “It is perfectly clear that no feeble-minded person should ever be allowed to marry or become a parent”

73
Q

Kallikak family study political implications

A

20 states passed sterilization laws; thousands were sterilized until the 1970s

74
Q

Lewis Madison Terman

A

Developed Stanford-Binet tests (1912/1916)

75
Q

How did Terman adjust Binet’s tests?

A

Adjusted and further standardized until average for each age group was 100

76
Q

Terman’s big study

A

Longitudinal study to demonstrate that gifted children are not “freaks” (i.e., early ripe, early rot)
1528 children with average IQ of 151 (135 or higher)
High intelligence doesn’t “deteriorate” into adulthood

77
Q

What did Terman strongly believe about IQ?

A

It is inherited

78
Q

Who said the following quote: “Not all criminals are feeble-minded, but all feeble-minded persons are at least potential criminals. That every feeble-minded woman is a potential prostitute would hardly be disputed by anyone”

A

Terman

79
Q

Who said the following quote: “The least intelligent 15% or 20% are not always useless but always a potential liability”

A

Terman

80
Q

How did Terman validate his tests?

A

By comparing scores to teacher ratings and grades, but schools were measuring the same things

81
Q

Cultural bias in intelligence tests

A

Canadian norms are higher than U.S. norms

82
Q

IQ trends in adoption

A

IQ scores increase when children move from lower-class to middle-class homes

83
Q

Example of cultural bias in intelligence tests

A

Indigenous children in Canada whose first language was not English had below average verbal scores but average or above average nonverbal scores
77% scored less than 70 on verbal items, but only 5.7% scored less than 70 overall
Likely due to difficulty understanding items, and to approaching items differently

84
Q

Walter Lippmann

A

A journalist
One of Terman’s harshest critics

85
Q

Who said the following quote: “I hate the impudence of a claim that in 50 minutes you can judge and classify a human being’s predestined fitness in life. I hate the pretentiousness of that claim. I hate the abuse of scientific method which it involves. I hate the sense of superiority which it creates and the sense of inferiority which it imposes.”

A

Lippmann

86
Q

Leta Stetter Hollingworth

A

Debunked assumption that women are psychologically impaired during menstruation and intellectually inferior to males

87
Q

What did Hollingworth argue determined differences in prominence between men and women?

A

Social roles
Woman bear and rear the race… nearly 100% of their energy is consumed in the performance and supervision of domestic and allied tasks, a field where eminence is impossible
We should consider first the most obvious conditioning factors. Otherwise our discussion is futile

88
Q

What did Hollingworth advocate for?

A

Better treatment of gifted children

89
Q

Hollingworth book

A

Gifted Children (1926)
Became a standard text in schools of education

90
Q

Hollingworth influence

A

Likely influenced Edward Thorndike to emphasize nurture more than nature in developmental psychology

History of Psych Test 2 (3 decks)

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