Chapter 9: Development

Question 1

John Bowlby

Answer 1

noted critical importance of attachment for normal development

Question 2

attachment

Answer 2

deep emotional connection between an infant and their caregiver

Question 3

Proximity maintenance

Answer 3

child strives to be close to the caregiver

Question 4

Separation Distress

Answer 4

child becomes upset when separated from the caregiver

Question 5

Harry Harlow

Answer 5

first demonstrated the importance of contact comfort: the pleasure of being touched and held

Question 6

Mary Anisworth

Answer 6

developed the Strange Situation to test a childs attachment

Question 7

Secure Attachment

Answer 7

cry when they leave, happy when the caregiver returns

Question 8

avoidant

Answer 8

not minding if the caregiver comes or goes

Question 9

anxious/ambivalent

Answer 9

resisting contact with the caregiver but protecting when they leave

Question 10

disorganized

Answer 10

no consistent pattern of responses

Question 11

Gender

Answer 11

social/cultural psychological meanings associated with masculinity and femininity

Question 12

Gender Roles

Answer 12

behaviors associated with gender

Question 13

Gender Typing

Answer 13

process by which children learn behaviors associated with gender

Question 14

Learning Theory

Answer 14

gender roles are acquired through basic processes of learning and modeling

Question 15

Gender Schema Theory

Answer 15

gender roles are influenced by schemas of the gender

Question 16

Evolution

Answer 16

gender differences are the result of generations of sexual selection

Question 17

Interactionist Theory

Answer 17

gender differences are the result of biological and social forces

Question 18

Sensorimotor Stage

age, how they learn, object performance

Answer 18

birth to 2 years; learns through concrete actions;object performance: object exists even when you don’t see it

Question 19

Pre-operational Stage

age, egocentric, conservation

Answer 19

2-7; egocentric: ability to see the world from another perspective; conservation: physical properties of an objet remain the same even after they change

Question 20

Concrete Operations

age, definition

Answer 20

7-12; thinking is still grounded in concrete concepts

Question 21

Formal Operations

Answer 21

12-adult; capable of abstract reasoning

Question 22

Self-regulation

Answer 22

ability to suppress the initial wish to do something to focus on something else less fun

Question 23

Social Referencing

Answer 23

tendency to respond to ambiguous situations through observing the facial expressions of others