Chapter 7: Thinking Flashcards
(23 cards)
cognition
mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge
Thinking
manipulation of information to draw conclusions
mental image
a mental representation of objects of events that are not physically present
concept
mental category of objects or ideas based on properties they share
Problem Solving
thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal
Trial and Error
problem solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions
Algorithm
problem solving strategy that is guaranteed to produce a solution, even if you don’t know how it works
Heuristic
problem solving strategy that involves following a rule if thumb
Means-end analysis
subgoals; dividing a larger problem into smaller ones
Working Backwards
imagining the steps it would take to get to the current goal
Analogies
recalling similar problems you have encountered
Functional Fixedness
viewing objects as having one use or function
Divergent thinking
viewing objects as having multiple functions
Mental Set
problem solving with solutions that have worked in the past
Availability Heuristic
tendency to rely on info that is readily available rather than explore alternatives
The Framing Effect
tendency for peoples choices to be affected depending on how a situation os worded/presented
Hindsight Bias
overestimate ones ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known
Belief-Bias Effect
when people only accept the evidence that conforms to their beliefs and rejecting all others
Confirmation Bias
only accepting evidence that confirms your beliefs
Affect Heuristic
consulting ones emotions instead of evidence
Intelligence
capacity to think rationally and deal with the environment
Stereotype threat
a burden of doubt a person feels due to negative stereotypes about his/her groups activities
Stereotype Lift
performing better when you are part of a positive stereotype group