Chapter 7: Thinking

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

mental activities involved in acquiring, retaining, and using knowledge

Question 2

Thinking

Answer 2

manipulation of information to draw conclusions

Question 3

mental image

Answer 3

a mental representation of objects of events that are not physically present

Question 4

concept

Answer 4

mental category of objects or ideas based on properties they share

Question 5

Problem Solving

Answer 5

thinking and behavior directed toward attaining a goal

Question 6

Trial and Error

Answer 6

problem solving strategy that involves attempting different solutions

Question 7

Algorithm

Answer 7

problem solving strategy that is guaranteed to produce a solution, even if you don’t know how it works

Question 8

Heuristic

Answer 8

problem solving strategy that involves following a rule if thumb

Question 9

Means-end analysis

Answer 9

subgoals; dividing a larger problem into smaller ones

Question 10

Working Backwards

Answer 10

imagining the steps it would take to get to the current goal

Question 11

Analogies

Answer 11

recalling similar problems you have encountered

Question 12

Functional Fixedness

Answer 12

viewing objects as having one use or function

Question 13

Divergent thinking

Answer 13

viewing objects as having multiple functions

Question 14

Mental Set

Answer 14

problem solving with solutions that have worked in the past

Question 15

Availability Heuristic

Answer 15

tendency to rely on info that is readily available rather than explore alternatives

Question 16

The Framing Effect

Answer 16

tendency for peoples choices to be affected depending on how a situation os worded/presented

Question 17

Hindsight Bias

Answer 17

overestimate ones ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known

Question 18

Belief-Bias Effect

Answer 18

when people only accept the evidence that conforms to their beliefs and rejecting all others

Question 19

Confirmation Bias

Answer 19

only accepting evidence that confirms your beliefs

Question 20

Affect Heuristic

Answer 20

consulting ones emotions instead of evidence

Question 21

Intelligence

Answer 21

capacity to think rationally and deal with the environment

Question 22

Stereotype threat

Answer 22

a burden of doubt a person feels due to negative stereotypes about his/her groups activities

Question 23

Stereotype Lift

Answer 23

performing better when you are part of a positive stereotype group