Chapter 9 : Designing weight management and body comp programs Flashcards
What is the definition of obesity?
- An excessive amount of body fat relative to body weight
- BMI 95th percentile for age and sex and more for kids/teens
- 30 kg/m2 in adults
Risks of obesity?
- Cardiovascular ischemic HD
- Stroke
- Dyslipidemia
- Hypertension
- Glucose intolerance
- Insuline resistance
- Diabetes mellitus
- Obstructive pulmonary disease
- Osteoarthritis
- Cancers (colon, prostate, ovary, breast, endometrium, cervix, esophagus, gallbladder)
Risks of being underweight?
- Fluid-electrolyte imbalance
- Osteoporosis
- Osteopenia
- Bone fractures
- Muscle wasting
- Cardiac arrhytmias
- Sudden death
- Pulmonary edema
- Renal disorders
- Reproductive disorders
What are the different types of obesity?
Android and gynoid obesity
Characteristics of android obesity?
- Upper body obesity
- Apple-shaped
- More typical in males
- Post menopausal women
What are the characteristics of gynoid obesity?
- Lower body obesity
- Pear-shaped
- More typical in females
What are the different subtypes of obesity?
- Metabolically healthy, but obese (MHO)
- Metabolically obese, but normal weight (MONW)
- Metabolically unhealthy and obese (MUHO)
What are the differences between MONW and MUHO?
- MONW: Low BMI
- MUHO: High BMI
Causes of obesity and overweight?
Physiological ( metabolism and energy balance, hormones), developmental, genetic, life style and psychosocial factors
What is the difference between direct and indirect calorimetry?
- Direct calorimetry: used to measure the energy yield and caloric equivalent of various foods
- Indirect calorimetry: Used to measure energy expenditure during basal, resting or activity states. And energy expenditure estimates from O2 utilization (1L O2 = 5kcal)
What is energy or caloric need dependent upon?
Metabolic rate and physical activity level
What is the energy yield of carbohydrates, protein and fat?
- Carbohydrate: 4.1 kcal/g
- Protein: 4.3 kcal/g
- Fat: 9.3 kcal/g
What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
A measure of the minimal amount of energy (kcal) needed to maintain basic and essential physiological functions such as breathing, blood circulation and temperature regulation
What is the resting metabolic rate (RMR)?
The energy required to maintain essential physiological processes in a relaxed, awake and reclined state (10% higher than BMR)
When are BMR and RMR measured?
- BMR (actually RMR that is assessed): at least 12 hours rested and fasted in a controlled environment
- RMR: measured 3-4 hours after a light meal without prior physical activity
How can TEE be measured or estimated?
- Doubly-labeled water method (gold standard)
- Prediction equations (age and gender specific)
- Indirect calorimetry
- Digital activity log
Which factors affect RMR?
- Heredity and environment
- Hormones
- Age
- Gender
- Body composition
- Body size
- Weight loss /gain
- Exercise