Chapter 6: assessing muscular fitness Flashcards
What is needed to perform activities of daily living, maintain functional independence with age and partake in active leisure-time pursuits without undue stress or fatigue?
Minimum levels of muscular fitness
Adequate level of muscular fitness lessen the chance of developing: (3)
Low back problems
Osteoporotic fractures
Musculoskeletal injuries
Ability of a muscle group to exert a submaximal force (given force) for extended periods
Muscular endurance
Ability of a muscle group to maintain a specific % of the maximum voluntary contraction for a prolonged period of time/execute repeated contractions sufficient to cause muscle fatigue
Muscular endurance (see p.5)
Maximal force generated in a single contraction at a specified velocity/develop maximal contractile force against a resistance in a single contraction
Muscular strength
T or F: power is a skill-related component of fitness
TRUE
Muscle’s ability to exert force per unit of time
Ability to exert force rapidly
Rate at which mechanical word is performed
Maximal amount of force one can exert in the least amount of time
Muscular power
See p.8
Name the 2 types of muscle action
Static/isometric and dynamic
Name the 3 types of dynamic muscle actions
Auxotonic
Isokinetic
Variable resistance
Same muscle length
No visible movement of the joint
Isometric/static muscle action
Muscle length changes
Visible joint movement
Auxotonic, isokinetic or variable resistance
Dynamic muscle action
What is the traditional term used to describe the muscle action when lifting free weights?
Isotonic muscle action
Is defined as variable muscle tensions caused by changing velocities & joint angles
Auxotonic muscle action
What are the two phases of auxotonic muscle action?
Concentric & eccentric
Muscle shortens during tension development
Weight is lifted
resistance < force produced by muscle group
Concentric muscle action
Define eccentric muscle action
Muscle lengthens during tension development
Resist gravity
Resistance > force produced by muscle group
Weight is lowered
T or F: Concentric muscle action has a greater risk of injury
FALSE, eccentric
Name 2 examples of auxotonic muscle action
Free weights
Constant-resistance exercise machines
Maximal contraction of a muscle group at a constant velocity throughout the entire range of motion
Isokinetic muscle action
Purposes of strength and muscular endurance assessment (3)
Establish baseline values before training
Monitor progress during training
Assess the overall effectiveness of resistance training & exercise rehabilitation programs
Tests that assess strength and muscular endurance are specific to: (6)
Muscle or muscle group tested Type of muscle action Velocity of muscle movement Type of test Type of equipment Joint's range of motion (ROM)
= MVC in newtons or KG
Absolute muscular strength
= MVC / body mass
Relative muscular strength
These tests are related to a specific muscle action:
- spring-loaded dynamometers
- hydraulic dynamometers
- cable tensiometers
- digital handheld dynamometers
- clinical methods
- load cells (strain gauges)
Isometric muscle testing (see protocols p.21)
Measured as the maximal force exerted in a single contraction against an immovable resistance
Maximal force produced by a muscle group when the limb is not rotating (zero velocity)
Isometric muscular strength
Cable tensiometry tests can be used to (2)
Assess strength impairment at specific joint angles
Monitor progress during rehabilitation
For the assessment of dynamic muscular strength & endurance, name the possible tests (2)
Free weights
Constant-resistance exercise machines (CREM)
What is the other name for auxotonic dynamic exercise?
DCER = dynamic constant external resistance exercise
What is the major disadvantage of free weights & constant-resistance exercise machines?
They measure dynamic strength only at the weakest point in the ROM (p.39)
T or F:
CREM require less neuromuscular coordination to stabilize body parts & maintain balance
CREM do not require spotting
TRUE
What are the disadvantages of CREMS vs Free weights?
CREMs limit an individual’s ROM & plane of movement
Some CREMs have a relatively large weight plate increments
Some CREMs cannot accommodate individual’s with short limbs, long limbs, a large body & large limb circumference
Name the category related to these tests: Forces plates + linear transducers Tendo weightlifting analyzer system Myotest accelerometer 1-Repetition maximum (RM) Estimation of 1-RM Relative strength (1-RM/body mass) Repetitions to failure YMCA bench press test Use a test battery (7 items)
Dynamic muscular strength testing (see p.43-49 + 51-56)
Heaviest weight that can be moved only once through the full ROM in a controlled manner with good posture
1-Repetition maximum (1-RM)
What are the valid measures of dynamic muscular strength for the upper body? (2)
1-RM bench press
1-RM military press
What are the valid measures of dynamic muscular strength for the lower body? (2)
1-RM leg press
1-RM back squat
1-RM leg extension
The muscle contracts maximally throughout the entire ROM by varying the resistance to match the exercise strength curve
Variable-resistance exercise machines (p.57-58)
Involves the assessment of maximal muscle tension throughout a range of joint motion set at a constant angular velocity (muscles are maximally loaded throughout the ROM)
Dynamic isokinetic muscle testing using a isokinetic dynamometer (see p.66)
Concerning isokinetic tests: what is the speed setting for strength, endurance or power
Strength = 30 or 60 degrees/sec Endurance = 120 to 180 degrees/sec Power = 120 to 300 degrees/sec
What is the measure related to strength or power isokinetic test?
Peak torque
What is the measure related to endurance isokinetic test?
reps until torque reaches 50% initial torque value
What are the limitations of isokinetic-resistance exercise machines? (5)
Expensive equipment
Found primarily in laboratory settings or sports medicine clinics
Only permits angular motion
No isokinetic muscle actions occur in real-life movements
Angular velocity is relatively low compared to athletic movements
May compromise joint stability
Increase the risk of musculoskeletal injury
Muscle imbalance
T or F: Muscle balance ratios differ among muscle groups
TRUE
What is the muscle balance ration for hip extensors & flexors?
1:1
What is the muscle balance ration for elbow extensors & flexors?
1:1
What is the muscle balance ratio for trunk extensors & flexors?
1:1
What is the muscle balance ration for ankle inverters & everters?
1:1
What is the muscle balance ration for shoulder flexors & extensors?
2:3
What is the muscle balance ration for knee extensors & flexors?
3:2
What is the muscle balance ration for shoulder internal & external rotators?
3:2
What is the muscle balance ration for ankle plantar flexors & dorsiflexors?
3:1
Name the calisthenic-type strength and muscular endurance tests related to dynamic strength (5)
Pull-up Dip-strength Sit-up Push-up Bench squat
Name the calisthenic-type strength and muscular endurance tests related to dynamic endurance (5)
Pull-ups Sit-ups Trunk curls Partial curl-ups Push-ups
Read the chart p.76
Musculoskeletal fitness assessment
Name the tests related to dynamic muscular power (2)
Vertical jump (+ variations) Standing long jump
What are the sources of measurement error in muscular fitness testing?
Client factors
Equipment
Technician skill
Environmental factors
What is this source: Familiarization with equipment & testing protocols Weightlifting experience Lifting technique Give a maximal effort Adequate rest between trials Restrict drugs & medications Motivate during testing
Client factors
What is this source: Design of the testing equipment Calibration of equipment Inspection & maintenance of equipment Selection of exercise machines that can accommodate various body dimensions
Equipment
What is this source: Qualified Trained (give easy tests to beginner) Knowledgeable Explanation & demonstration Observation & correction of performance errors
Technician skill
Name the environmental factors (4)
Room temperature
Humidity
Clean
Quiet
