Chapter 9 - Covalent bonding: Orbitals

Question 1

hybridization

Answer 1

a mixing of the native orbitals on a given atom to form special atomic orbitals for bonding.

Question 2

hybrid orbitals

Answer 2

a set of atomic orbitals adopted by an atom in a molecule different from those of the atom in the free state.

Question 3

sigma bond

Answer 3

a covalent bond in which the electron pair is shared in an area centered on a line running between the atoms.

Question 4

pi bond

Answer 4

a covalent bond in which parallel orbitals share an electron pair occupying the space above and below the line joining the atoms.

Question 5

molecular orbital model

Answer 5

a model that regards a molecule as a collection of nuclei and electrons, where the electrons are assumed to occupy orbitals much as they do in atoms, but having the orbitals extend over the entire molecule. In this model the electrons are assumed to be delocalized rather than always located between a given pair of atoms.

Question 6

bonding molecular orbital

Answer 6

an orbital lower in energy than the atomic orbitals of which it is composed.

Question 7

anti bonding molecular orbital

Answer 7

an orbital higher in energy than the atomic orbitals of which it is composed.

Question 8

bond order

Answer 8

the difference between the number of bonding electrons and the number of antibonding electrons, divided by two. It is an index of bond strength.

Question 9

paramagnetism

Answer 9

a type of induced magnetism, associated with unpaired electrons, that causes a substance to be attracted into the inducing magnetic field.

Question 10

diamagnetism

Answer 10

a type of magnetism, associated with paired electrons, that causes a substance to be repelled from the inducing magnetic field.