Chapter 4 - Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

Question 1

aqueous solutions

Answer 1

a solution in which water is the dissolving medium or solvent.

Question 2

polar moment

Answer 2

a molecule that has a permanent dipole moment.

Question 3

hydration

Answer 3

the interaction between solute particles and water molecules.

Question 4

solubility

Answer 4

the amount of a substance that dissolves in a given volume of solvent at a given temperature.

Question 5

solvent

Answer 5

the dissolving medium in a solution.

Question 6

electrical conductivity

Answer 6

the ability to conduct an electric current.

Question 7

strong electrolytes

Answer 7

a material that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution that conducts an electric current very efficiently.

Question 8

non-electrolytes

Answer 8

a substance that, when dissolved in water, gives a nonconducting solution.

Question 9

strong bases

Answer 9

a metal hydroxide salt that completely dissociates into its ions in water.

Question 10

weak acid

Answer 10

an acid that dissociates only slightly in aqueous solution.

Question 11

weak base

Answer 11

a base that reacts with water to produce hydroxide ions to only a slight extent in aqueous solution.

Question 12

molarity (M)

Answer 12

moles of solute per volume of solution in liters.

Question 13

standard solution

Answer 13

a solution whose concentration is accurately known.

Question 14

dilution

Answer 14

the process of adding solvent to lower the concentration of solute in a solution.

Question 15

precipitation reaction

Answer 15

a reaction in which an insoluble substance forms and separates from the solution.

Question 16

formula equation

Answer 16

an equation representing a reaction in solution showing the reactants and products in undissociated form, whether they are strong or weak electrolytes.

Question 17

complete ionic equation

Answer 17

an equation that shows all substances that are strong electrolytes as ions.

Question 18

spectator ions

Answer 18

ions present in solution that do not participate directly in a reaction.

Question 19

net ionic equation

Answer 19

an equation for a reaction in solution, where strong electrolytes are written as ions, showing only those components that are directly involved in the chemical change.

Question 20

base

Answer 20

a substance that produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solution; a proton acceptor.

Question 21

neutralization reaction

Answer 21

an acid-base reaction

Question 22

volumetric analysis

Answer 22

a process involving titration of one solution with another.

Question 23

titration

Answer 23

a technique in which one solution is used to analyze another.

Question 24

indicator

Answer 24

a chemical that changes color and is used to mark the end point of a titration.

Question 25

endpoint

Answer 25

the point in a titration at which the indicator changes color.

Question 26

oxidation–reduction reactions or redox reactions

Answer 26

a reaction in which one or more electrons are transferred

Question 27

oxidation states

Answer 27

a concept that provides a way to keep track of electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions according to certain rules.

Question 28

reduction

Answer 28

a decrease in oxidation state (a gain of electrons).

Question 29

oxidizing agent

Answer 29

a reactant that accepts electrons from another reactant.

Question 30

reducing agent (electron donor)

Answer 30

a reactant that donates electrons to another substance to reduce the oxidation state of one of its atoms.

Question 31

half-reactions

Answer 31

the two parts of an oxidation–reduction reaction, one representing oxidation, the other reduction.