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Bio 93: Exam 2 > Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration & Fermentation > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration & Fermentation Flashcards

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1
Q

Cellular respiration takes place in the ___________.

A

Mitochondria

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2
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gain of electrons

Has extra H+

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3
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Loss of electrons

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4
Q

List the common enzymes in cellular respiration

A
  1. Kinase
  2. Isomerase
  3. Dehydrogenase
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5
Q

What is the function of a kinase enzyme?

A

Phosphorylation Reaction:

Transfer of a phosphate group

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6
Q

What is the function of an isomerase enzyme?

A

Isomerization reaction:

Rearrangement of atoms in a molecule

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7
Q

What is the function of a dehydrogenase enzyme?

A

Redox Reactions:

Transfer of hydrogen atoms

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8
Q

In cellular respiration, sugar is __________ and oxygen is __________.

A

Sugar is oxidized

Oxygen is reduced

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9
Q

List the 4 steps of Cellular Respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation
  3. Citric Acid Cycle
  4. Oxidative Phosphorylation
    a. Electron Transport
    b. Chemiosmosis
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10
Q

What is glycolysis?

A
  • Breakdown of glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate

- Occurs in the cytoplasm

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11
Q

What is yielded through glycolysis?

A

2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate

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12
Q

In glycolysis, what compounds provide phosphate groups for the production of phosphorylated sugars during the energy investment phase?

A

ATP

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13
Q

What is pyruvate oxidation?

A

Carry pyruvate from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix

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14
Q

What happens to pyruvate in pyruvate oxidation?

A
  • Pyruvate is attached to acetyl-coa

- NADH is produced

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15
Q

What is yielded through pyruvate oxidation?

A
  • 2 NADH

- 2 CO2

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17
Q

What is the waste product of pyruvate oxidation?

A

CO2

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18
Q

Is pyruvate polar or nonpolar?

A

Polar

- hydroxyl group

19
Q

How many times does pyruvate oxidation occur?

A

2

20
Q

Is pyruvate broken down in pyruvate oxidation?

A

No

21
Q

What is yielded through the citric acid cycle?

A
  • 2 ATP
  • 6 NADH
  • 2 FADH2
  • 4 CO2
22
Q

What is the citric acid cycle?

A
  • Breakdown of pyruvate into CO2

- Harvest energy in electron carriers

23
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

24
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Energy from the electron transport chain forms a H+ electrochemical gradient that drives the ATP production

Uses energy from NADH & FADH2 to produce ATP

25
Q

What are the two steps of oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  1. Electron transport chain

2. Chemiosmosis

26
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

27
Q

What does the electron transport chain do?

A

Electrons are delivered from NADH & FADH2 to carrier proteins

28
Q

Is energy released or required in the electron transport chain?

A

Released with each e- transfer

29
Q

What is an electrochemical gradient?

A

When the H+ ions move from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space

30
Q

Why is it bad if the H+ ions are left floating in the intermembrane space?

A

They will react with other things in our bodies

31
Q

What does the last e- do after it has transferred from protein to protein?

A

It reacts with oxygen (final electron accepter)

32
Q

Why is the final electron accepter important? OR Why is the oxygen important?

A

The transport chain would stop because there would be no more room for new e- to go to

33
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Where the H+ ions go through the ATP Synthase turbine to provide energy to ADP, in order to make ATP.

34
Q

Why can’t hydrogen go straight through the membrane in order to make ATP?

A

H+ has a charge, and it therefore cannot go through the phospholipid bilayer

35
Q

NADH creates ______ proton motive force than FADH2.

A

more

36
Q

Summarize cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis - glucose is broken into 2 pyruvates. Yields 2 ATP & 2 NADH.
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation - Pyruvate is carried from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvate is attached to acetyl-coa. Yields 2 NADH & 2 CO2.
  3. Citric Acid Cycle - Breaks down pyruvate into CO2 and stores energy in electron carriers. Yields 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 6 NADH.
  4. Oxidative Phosphorylation -
    a) Electron Transport Chain - Electrons are delivered from NADH & FADH2 to carrier proteins.
    b) Chemiosmosis - H+ goes through ATP synthase to produce ATP. Yields ATP.
37
Q

Cellular respiration requires oxygen. What if we don’t have oxygen available?

A

We’ll do anaerobic respiration.

38
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Our bodies produce ATP through glycolysis (no oxygen required)

39
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Assists anaerobic respiration in order to continue producing ATP without oxygen.

40
Q

What does fermentation do specifically?

A
  • Recycles NADH and NAD+

- converts pyruvate to ethanol

41
Q

Where does fermentation take place?

A

Cytoplasm

Bio 93: Exam 2 (7 decks)

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