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Bio 93: Exam 2 > Chapter 48-49: Neurons, Synapses, and Nervous Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 48-49: Neurons, Synapses, and Nervous Systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two important parts of the neuron structure? What are their functions?

A

Dendrites - receiving antennas (receives messages)

Axon - transmitting antenna (transmits messages to next cell)

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2
Q

What is the synaptic terminal?

A

Where neurotransmitters go to the other cell

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3
Q

What is the resting potential?

A

The negative and positive difference between the inside and the outside of the cell

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4
Q

What is the membrane potential?

A

Has values

The membrane potential is negative under resting conditions and becomes positive during an action potential.

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5
Q

What is the action potential?

A

When the potential switches from increasing to decreasing

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6
Q

What pumps are responsible for the resting potential?

A

Na+ and K+ pumps and ion channels

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7
Q

What do the Na+ and K+ pumps do for the resting potential?

A

Create electrochemical gradients

They have gates

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8
Q

Is the inside of the cell positive or negative at rest?

A

Negative

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9
Q

What is the threshold?

A

When there is a change

When the membrane depolarizers and creates an action potential

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10
Q

When will an action potential be fired?

A
  • direct stimulation

- receives neurotransmitters from another neuron

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11
Q

Action potentials _______ ATP.

A

Require

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12
Q

At the resting potential, there is a _____ [Na+] outside of the cell, and a _____ [K+] inside of the cell.

A

High, high

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13
Q

What are gated ion channels?

A

An ion channel protein with a gate. If there’s a voltage change the gate will open.

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14
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

When the membrane potential inside the cell becomes negative

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15
Q

What is depolarization?

A

When the cell becomes more positive

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16
Q

Explain the 5 stages of the action potential

A

Depolarization

1) Resting State:
- membrane potential is neg
- gates closed
2) Depolarization:
- a stimulus opens the Na+ channel
- mem. pot. becomes positive
3) Wave of Opening:
- open Na+ channel causes other Na+ channels to open
- more positive

Hyperpolarization

 4) Na+ channels close 
      - threshold is met 
      - K+ channels open 
      - more negative 
  5) Undershoot
      - K+ is still open 
      - refractory period (getting back to step 1)
      - can be too hyperpolarized, too neg
17
Q

______ insulates Axons.

Prevents charges from flowing in and out

A

Myelin

18
Q

What is triggered when a signal comes down the Axon?

A

The Ca2+ channel opens and ca goes into the cell

19
Q

How does the Ca2+ help the communication at the synapse?

A

It allows neurotransmitters to diffuse and attach to the ligand-gated channels

20
Q

What happens when the neurotransmitter touches the channel protein across the synapse?

A

Gate opens

21
Q

Are neurotransmitters hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic

22
Q

What are the two ways that a ligand-gates ion channel receives neurotransmitter signals?

A

1) Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)

2) Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)

23
Q

What does the Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) do?

A

Depolarize the membrane
(bringing it closer to the threshold)
- increase the voltage

24
Q

Why does EPSP happen?

A

There was an influx of positively charged ions (Na+) into the cell.

26
Q

What does the Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) do?

A

Hyperpolarize the membrane
(bringing it further from the threshold)
- decrease the voltage

26
Q

Why does IPSP happen?

A

K+ ions went out of the cell.

27
Q

What happens when the gate of an ion channel opens?

A

The ions move in and the cell becomes more positive.

28
Q

What are some properties of neurotransmitter?

A
  • small
  • diffuse fast
  • polar/hydrophilic
29
Q

Explain the two ways that neurotransmitter signaling can be terminated.

A

1) Enzymatic breakdown
- inactivating enzymes cut up the neurotransmitter and destroy them

2) Reuptake
- there is a neurotransmitter transport channel at the bottom of the Axon that transports neurotransmitters back into a vesicle within the Axon in order to be reused

30
Q

What happens when two synapses are active at the same time?

A

The strength of the postsynaptic response increases

31
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A

Continuous increase of synapse signaling

32
Q

How does long-term potentiation work?

What are the effects of it?

A
  • When one gated receptor has been opened ions flow into the cell
  • Other receptors are notified that a signal is happening and they move to the membrane
  • They open their channels and allow more ions in
  • —> increase in synaptic signaling
  • —> depolarization
  • —> action potential
33
Q

How can the cell increase synapse signaling?

A
  • Increase concentration of receptors
  • Increase concentration of neurotransmitters
  • Decrease (slow down) reuptake
  • Decrease the activity of neurotransmitter inhibitors^(these inhibitors bind to the receptors and open them up, letting neg. into the cell and pos. out of the cell, reducing the chances of an action potential –> this is why it needs to be decreased in order to increase synapse signaling)
34
Q

In terms of receptors, how can someone have schizophrenia?

A
  • Their dopamine receptors are overactive (receptor opens even if no dopamine is binded)
  • They have too little glutamate/glutamate receptors (glutamate is needed for signaling)
35
Q

How can someone have depression?

A

Decreased dopamine

36
Q

How can someone have drug addiction?

A

They have an enhanced dopamine effect, which leads to a reward system response.

37
Q

How can someone have Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Their neurons die

38
Q

How can someone have Parkinson’s disease?

A

Decrease in dopamine

Bio 93: Exam 2 (7 decks)

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