Chapter 9 - Cellular Respiration

Question 0

Step 2 of Citric Cycle

Answer 0

Citrate is converted to isocitrate by removing H2o and adding another

Question 1

Step 1 of Citric Cycle

Answer 1

2 carbon acetyl group to Oxaloacetate produces citrate

Question 2

Step 3 of Citric Cycle

Answer 2

Isocitrate is oxidized making NAD+ to NADH, losing a CO2

Question 3

Step 4 of Citric Cycle

Answer 3

Alpha-ketoglutarate loses a CO2 and NAD+ becomes NADH and molecule attached to coenzyme A (Succinyl CoA)

Question 4

Step 5 of Citric Cycle

Answer 4

CoA displaced by phosphate group transferred to GDP forming GTP (same with ADP and ATP), forms succinate

Question 5

Step 6 of Citric Cycle

Answer 5

2 hydrogen transferred to FAD forming FADH2 and oxidizing succinate to Fumarate

Question 6

Step 7 of Citric Cycle

Answer 6

H2O added to rearrange bonds to Malate

Question 7

Step 8 of Citric Cycle

Answer 7

Substrate oxidized making NAD+ to NADH and regenerating oxaloacetate

Question 8

How many pyruvate per glucose?

Answer 8

2

Question 9

Energy Investment Phase Enzymes

Answer 9

1. Hexokinase
2. Phosphoglucoisomerase
3. Phosphofructokinase
4. Aldolase
5. Isomerase

Question 10

Energy Investment Phase Intermediates

Answer 10

1. Glucose
2. Glucose 6-Phosphate
3. Fructose 6-Phosphate
4. Fructose 1,6-biphosphate
5. Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate
6. Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DHAP)

Question 11

Energy Payoff Stage Enzymes

Answer 11

1. Triose Phosphate Dehydrogenase
2. Phosphoglycerokinase
3. Phosphoglyceromutase
4. Enolase
5. Pyruvate Kinase

Question 12

Energy Payoff Stage Intermediates

Answer 12

1. 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
2. 3-phosphoglycerate
3. 2-phosphoglycerate
4. Phosphoenolpyruvate
5. Pyruvate

Question 13

Where is ATP used in Glycolysis?

Answer 13

Energy Investment

Question 14

Where is ATP produced in Glycolysis?

Answer 14

Energy Payoff

Question 15

What is Fermentation?

Answer 15

Partial degradation of glucose without oxygen

Question 16

NADH ATP production

Answer 16

3 ATP

Question 17

FADH2 ATP production

Answer 17

2 ATP

Question 18

Substrate level phosphorylation?

Answer 18

ATP is made by direct transfer of a phosphate group from an organic sub-strate to ADP by an enzyme (glycolysis and citric cycle)

Question 19

Where is most of the ATP produced and how?

Answer 19

Oxidative phosphorylation: the ETC produces hydrogen ions at each major protein (I-IV) which makes a high concentration gradient in the inter-membrane system. These hydrogen go to the ATP synthase and rotate on a motor like a windmill and go to the lower gradient in the mitochondrial matrix. This powers another rotation in the synthase that makes the ADP and phosphate produce ATP

Question 20

Where does Glycolysis take place?

Answer 20

Cytosol

Question 21

How much ATP is produced in Glycolysis?

Answer 21

2 ATP

Question 22

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

Answer 22

Mitochondria

Question 23

How much ATP does pyruvate oxidation produce?

Answer 23

0

Question 24

How much NADH is produced in Glycolysis?

Answer 24

2

Question 25

How much NADH in pyruvate oxidation?

Answer 25

2 (1 per pyruvate)

Question 26

How much NADH in citric cycle?

Answer 26

6 (3 per acetyl CoA)

Question 27

How much FADH2 in citric cycle?

Answer 27

2 (1 per acetyl CoA)

Question 28

How much CO2 produced in citric cycle?

Answer 28

4 (2 per acetyl CoA)

Question 29

What is alcohol fermentation?

Answer 29

Pyruvate being converted to acetal denuded by releasing a CO2 molecule and being reduced by NADH to ethanol

Question 30

What is lactic-acid fermentation?

Answer 30

Pyruvate being reduced by NADH to form lactate (no CO2 released)

Question 31

Where does both fermentation take place?

Answer 31

Glycolysis

Question 32

Difference between fermentation and cellular respiration?

Answer 32

Fermentation takes the Pyruvate and reuses it in glycolysis while respiration takes the Pyruvate and undergoes the cycles to the ETC

Question 33

Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Answer 33

Aerobic uses oxygen as the electronegative atom while anaerobic uses other electronegative atoms other than oxygen

Question 34

How much ATP is produced in the fermentation?

Answer 34

2 per cycle

Question 35

What happens to the food we eat if it isn't converted to energy?

Answer 35

Not all the organic molecules of food are destined to be oxidized as fuel to make ATP. In addition to calories, food must also provide the carbon skeletons that cells require to make their own molecules.

Question 36

2 fates of lactic acid in liver?

Answer 36

It is converted to pyruvate where it either undergoes cellular respiration if present or continues in glycolysis by fermentation