Chapter 9 - Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Step 2 of Citric Cycle
Citrate is converted to isocitrate by removing H2o and adding another
Step 1 of Citric Cycle
2 carbon acetyl group to Oxaloacetate produces citrate
Step 3 of Citric Cycle
Isocitrate is oxidized making NAD+ to NADH, losing a CO2
Step 4 of Citric Cycle
Alpha-ketoglutarate loses a CO2 and NAD+ becomes NADH and molecule attached to coenzyme A (Succinyl CoA)
Step 5 of Citric Cycle
CoA displaced by phosphate group transferred to GDP forming GTP (same with ADP and ATP), forms succinate
Step 6 of Citric Cycle
2 hydrogen transferred to FAD forming FADH2 and oxidizing succinate to Fumarate
Step 7 of Citric Cycle
H2O added to rearrange bonds to Malate
Step 8 of Citric Cycle
Substrate oxidized making NAD+ to NADH and regenerating oxaloacetate
How many pyruvate per glucose?
2
Energy Investment Phase Enzymes
- Hexokinase
- Phosphoglucoisomerase
- Phosphofructokinase
- Aldolase
- Isomerase
Energy Investment Phase Intermediates
- Glucose
- Glucose 6-Phosphate
- Fructose 6-Phosphate
- Fructose 1,6-biphosphate
- Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate
- Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DHAP)
Energy Payoff Stage Enzymes
- Triose Phosphate Dehydrogenase
- Phosphoglycerokinase
- Phosphoglyceromutase
- Enolase
- Pyruvate Kinase
Energy Payoff Stage Intermediates
- 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
- 3-phosphoglycerate
- 2-phosphoglycerate
- Phosphoenolpyruvate
- Pyruvate
Where is ATP used in Glycolysis?
Energy Investment
Where is ATP produced in Glycolysis?
Energy Payoff
What is Fermentation?
Partial degradation of glucose without oxygen
NADH ATP production
3 ATP
FADH2 ATP production
2 ATP
Substrate level phosphorylation?
ATP is made by direct transfer of a phosphate group from an organic sub-strate to ADP by an enzyme (glycolysis and citric cycle)
Where is most of the ATP produced and how?
Oxidative phosphorylation: the ETC produces hydrogen ions at each major protein (I-IV) which makes a high concentration gradient in the inter-membrane system. These hydrogen go to the ATP synthase and rotate on a motor like a windmill and go to the lower gradient in the mitochondrial matrix. This powers another rotation in the synthase that makes the ADP and phosphate produce ATP
Where does Glycolysis take place?
Cytosol
How much ATP is produced in Glycolysis?
2 ATP
Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
Mitochondria
How much ATP does pyruvate oxidation produce?
0
How much NADH is produced in Glycolysis?
2
How much NADH in pyruvate oxidation?
2 (1 per pyruvate)
How much NADH in citric cycle?
6 (3 per acetyl CoA)
How much FADH2 in citric cycle?
2 (1 per acetyl CoA)
How much CO2 produced in citric cycle?
4 (2 per acetyl CoA)
What is alcohol fermentation?
Pyruvate being converted to acetal denuded by releasing a CO2 molecule and being reduced by NADH to ethanol
What is lactic-acid fermentation?
Pyruvate being reduced by NADH to form lactate (no CO2 released)
Where does both fermentation take place?
Glycolysis
Difference between fermentation and cellular respiration?
Fermentation takes the Pyruvate and reuses it in glycolysis while respiration takes the Pyruvate and undergoes the cycles to the ETC
Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic uses oxygen as the electronegative atom while anaerobic uses other electronegative atoms other than oxygen
How much ATP is produced in the fermentation?
2 per cycle
What happens to the food we eat if it isn’t converted to energy?
Not all the organic molecules of food are destined to be oxidized as fuel to make ATP. In addition to calories, food must also provide the
carbon skeletons that cells require to make their own molecules.
2 fates of lactic acid in liver?
It is converted to pyruvate where it either undergoes cellular respiration if present or continues in glycolysis by fermentation
