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Bio 3A > Chapter 9 - Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Step 2 of Citric Cycle

A

Citrate is converted to isocitrate by removing H2o and adding another

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1
Q

Step 1 of Citric Cycle

A

2 carbon acetyl group to Oxaloacetate produces citrate

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2
Q

Step 3 of Citric Cycle

A

Isocitrate is oxidized making NAD+ to NADH, losing a CO2

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3
Q

Step 4 of Citric Cycle

A

Alpha-ketoglutarate loses a CO2 and NAD+ becomes NADH and molecule attached to coenzyme A (Succinyl CoA)

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4
Q

Step 5 of Citric Cycle

A

CoA displaced by phosphate group transferred to GDP forming GTP (same with ADP and ATP), forms succinate

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5
Q

Step 6 of Citric Cycle

A

2 hydrogen transferred to FAD forming FADH2 and oxidizing succinate to Fumarate

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6
Q

Step 7 of Citric Cycle

A

H2O added to rearrange bonds to Malate

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7
Q

Step 8 of Citric Cycle

A

Substrate oxidized making NAD+ to NADH and regenerating oxaloacetate

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8
Q

How many pyruvate per glucose?

A

2

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9
Q

Energy Investment Phase Enzymes

A
  1. Hexokinase
  2. Phosphoglucoisomerase
  3. Phosphofructokinase
  4. Aldolase
  5. Isomerase
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10
Q

Energy Investment Phase Intermediates

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Glucose 6-Phosphate
  3. Fructose 6-Phosphate
  4. Fructose 1,6-biphosphate
  5. Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate
  6. Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate (DHAP)
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11
Q

Energy Payoff Stage Enzymes

A
  1. Triose Phosphate Dehydrogenase
  2. Phosphoglycerokinase
  3. Phosphoglyceromutase
  4. Enolase
  5. Pyruvate Kinase
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12
Q

Energy Payoff Stage Intermediates

A
  1. 1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
  2. 3-phosphoglycerate
  3. 2-phosphoglycerate
  4. Phosphoenolpyruvate
  5. Pyruvate
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13
Q

Where is ATP used in Glycolysis?

A

Energy Investment

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14
Q

Where is ATP produced in Glycolysis?

A

Energy Payoff

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15
Q

What is Fermentation?

A

Partial degradation of glucose without oxygen

16
Q

NADH ATP production

A

3 ATP

17
Q

FADH2 ATP production

A

2 ATP

18
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation?

A

ATP is made by direct transfer of a phosphate group from an organic sub-strate to ADP by an enzyme (glycolysis and citric cycle)

19
Q

Where is most of the ATP produced and how?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation: the ETC produces hydrogen ions at each major protein (I-IV) which makes a high concentration gradient in the inter-membrane system. These hydrogen go to the ATP synthase and rotate on a motor like a windmill and go to the lower gradient in the mitochondrial matrix. This powers another rotation in the synthase that makes the ADP and phosphate produce ATP

20
Q

Where does Glycolysis take place?

A

Cytosol

21
Q

How much ATP is produced in Glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

22
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

A

Mitochondria

23
Q

How much ATP does pyruvate oxidation produce?

A

0

24
Q

How much NADH is produced in Glycolysis?

A

2

25
Q

How much NADH in pyruvate oxidation?

A

2 (1 per pyruvate)

26
Q

How much NADH in citric cycle?

A

6 (3 per acetyl CoA)

27
Q

How much FADH2 in citric cycle?

A

2 (1 per acetyl CoA)

28
Q

How much CO2 produced in citric cycle?

A

4 (2 per acetyl CoA)

29
Q

What is alcohol fermentation?

A

Pyruvate being converted to acetal denuded by releasing a CO2 molecule and being reduced by NADH to ethanol

30
Q

What is lactic-acid fermentation?

A

Pyruvate being reduced by NADH to form lactate (no CO2 released)

31
Q

Where does both fermentation take place?

A

Glycolysis

32
Q

Difference between fermentation and cellular respiration?

A

Fermentation takes the Pyruvate and reuses it in glycolysis while respiration takes the Pyruvate and undergoes the cycles to the ETC

33
Q

Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic uses oxygen as the electronegative atom while anaerobic uses other electronegative atoms other than oxygen

34
Q

How much ATP is produced in the fermentation?

A

2 per cycle

35
Q

What happens to the food we eat if it isn’t converted to energy?

A

Not all the organic molecules of food are destined to be oxidized as fuel to make ATP. In addition to calories, food must also provide the
carbon skeletons that cells require to make their own molecules.

36
Q

2 fates of lactic acid in liver?

A

It is converted to pyruvate where it either undergoes cellular respiration if present or continues in glycolysis by fermentation

Bio 3A (5 decks)

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