Chapter 9 - Cell Respiration Flashcards
Aero
= air
An
= not
Chemi
= chemical
Glyco
= sweet
Lysis
= split
Acetyl CoA
The entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.
Aerobic
Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen.
Alcohol Fermentation
The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.
Anaerobic
Lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it.
ATP Synthase
A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial crista that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains. using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP.
ATP Synthasees provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitochondrion.
Cellular Respiration
The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.
Chemiosmosis
An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP.
Citric Acid Cycle
A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion.
The second major stage of cellular respiration.
Electron Transport Chain
A sequence of electron carrier molecules(membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
Fermentation
A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
Glycolysis
The splitting of glucose into 2 pyruvate. Occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide.
NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism.
Oxidation
The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
Proton-motive Force
The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis.
Redox Reaction
A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one of more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.
Reducing Agent
The electron donor is a redox reaction.
Reduction
The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.