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Biology Test 3 - Ch 9-10 > Chapter 10 - Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Auto

A

= self

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2
Q

Troph

A

= food

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3
Q

Chloro

A

= green

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4
Q

Phyll

A

= leaf

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5
Q

Electro

A

= electricity

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6
Q

Hetero

A

= other

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7
Q

Meso

A

= middle

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8
Q

Photo

A

= light

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9
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances from other organisms.

Use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones.

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10
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

The second of two major stages in photosynthesis(following the light reactions), involving atmospheric CO2 fixation and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.

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11
Q

Carbon Fixation

A

The incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism.

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12
Q

Carotenoid

A

An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants.

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13
Q

Chlorophyll

A

A green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants.

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14
Q

Chlorophyll A

A

a type of blue-green photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions.

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15
Q

Chlorophyll B

A

A type of yellow-green photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to Chlorophyll A.

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16
Q

Cyclic Electron Flow

A

A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or Oxygen.

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17
Q

Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate

A

The carbohydrate produced directly from the calvin cycle.

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18
Q

Heterotroph

A

An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.

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19
Q

Light Reactions

A

The steps in photosynthesis that occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts and that convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process.

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20
Q

Mesophyll

A

The ground tissue of a lead, sandwhiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis.

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21
Q

NADP+

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.

An acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.

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22
Q

Non-cyclic Electron Flow

A

A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosnythesis that involved both photosystems and produces ATP, NADPH, and Oxygen.

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23
Q

Photon

A

A quantum, or discrete amount, of light energy.

24
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton-motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

25
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in glucose or other organic compounds.

26
Q

Photosystem

A

Light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, consisting of a reaction center surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes.

27
Q

Photosystem I

A

One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplasts thylakoid membrane.

It has two molecules of P700 Chlorophyll A at its reaction center.

28
Q

Photosystem II

A

One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplsts thylakoid membrane.

It has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll A at its reaction center.

29
Q

Primary Electron Acceptor

A

A specialized molecule sharing the reaction center with the pair of reaction-center chlorophyll A molecules.

It accepts an electron from one of these two chlorophylls.

30
Q

Reaction Center

A

Complex of proteins associated with two special chlorophyll A molecules and a primary electron acceptor.

31
Q

Rubisco

A

Ribulose Carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle.

32
Q

Stroma

A

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane.

33
Q

Thylakoid

A

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

34
Q

Visible Light

A

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380nm to about 750nm.

35
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.

36
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The process of converting light energy to chemical energy.

37
Q

Who can photosynthesize?

A

Produces/autotrophs can turn inorganic carbon molecules into organic molecules.

38
Q

Who can not photosynthesize?

A

Consumers/heterotrophs depend on producers for their organic molecules.

39
Q

Photosynthesis(Anabolic/redox)

A

Anabolic pathway with a series of redox reactions.

40
Q

Summary equation of photosynthesis

A

6CO2+12H2O+light energy -> C6H12O6+6O2+6H2O

41
Q

Light Energy Form

A

Kinetic Energy and a subtype of electromagnetic energy.

42
Q

Range of light used for Photosynthesis

A

Visible Light(380nm-750nm)

  • Only purple/blue and orange/red light waves are used.
  • Green light waves are NOT USED by photosynthesis.
43
Q

2 Major stages of photosynthesis

A
  1. light reactions

2. Calvin cycle

44
Q

Photosynthesis Stage 1: Light Reactions

A
  • happen in green thylakoid membranes inside chloroplst.
  • When light energy hits chlorophyll pigment molecules that energy is captured by raising the electrons in the chlorophyll to an excited state.
  • Chlorophyll organized into Photosystems I and II
  • non-cyclic electron flow:
    • excited electrons from chlorophyll molecules are captured by primary electron acceptors in PHOTOSYSTEM II
    • These electrons are passed down a short ETC and through chemiosmosis, ATP is generated(photophosphorylation)
  • Electrons removed from chlorophyll in PSII are replaced by splitting water(Oxygen is a byproduct)
  • Light energy also excited electrons in PSI which the primary electron acceptor in PSI captures.
    • these electrons are replaced by the ones moving down the ETC from PSII
    • PSI’s primary acceptor passes its electrons to NADP+ reducing it to NADPH
  • The ATP and NADPH made by the light reactions are then used in the Calvin Cycle to make sugar.
  • In Cyclic Electron Flor, only PSI is used so no NADPH or Oxygen is produced
    • electrons stay in a “loop” moving through the ETC to make ATP only.
45
Q

Photosynthesis Stage II: Calvin Cycle

A
  • takes place in Stroma(fluid area around thylakoids)
  • With energy provided by ATP and reducing power of NADPH from light reactions, carbon dioxide is fixed into sugar(specifically G3P)
46
Q

3 Stages of Calvin Cycle(Stage 2 of photosynthesis)

A
  1. Carbon Fixation
    • inorganic carbon is “fixed” into organic form with help of enzyme Rubisco which joins CO2 to ribulouse Biphosphate(RuBP)
  2. Reduction
    • Gradual reduction of using ATP and NADPH from light reactions to make Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate(G3P)
    • One molecule of G3P leaves the cycle and can be converted to other organic molecules such as glucose.
  3. Regeneration
    • Remaining 5 G3P molecules are converted with more ATP from light reactions back into RuBP to start cycle over again as long as more CO2 enters and ATP and NADPH keeps coming from the light reactions.
47
Q

Autotrophic VS Heterotrophic Nutrition

A

Autotrophs are capable of making organic molecules from inorganic material such as the process of plants converting CO2 into glucose during photosynthesis using energy from the sun.

48
Q

Structure of Chloroplast

A
  • Double membrane organelle
  • Outer, inner, and intermembrane space(the stroma)
  • Within this space are thylakoid membranes which contain chlorophyll pigment turning it green
  • Thylakoids are stacked into granum.
  • Inside thylakoids is the thylakoid space.
49
Q

Summary Equation for Photosynthesis

A

CO2 + H2O + Light Energy -> Glucose + O2 + H2O

50
Q

Where are major reactants of Photosynthesis used?

A

Light Energy - light reactions(PSI and PSII)

Water - PSII where it is split to replenish electrons in chlorophyll pigment molecules

Oxygen - Byproduct from Water splitting

CO2 - in Calvin Cycle when it is fixed into organic compounds.

51
Q

2 main Stages of Photosynthesis(described)

A

Light Reactions: Occurs in Thylakoid Membranes

 - PSII:  Chlorophyll pigment molecules absord light energy which excites electrons in the chlorophyll.  These electrons are eventually captured by the primary electron acceptor in the reaction center and passed along a short ETC that generates a proton gradient that makes ATP by phosphorylation.  The lost electron in the chlorophyll molecules are replaced by splitting water which also produced oxygen.sing the 
 - PSI:  Also absords light energy which excited electrons that are eventually picked up by NADP+ that becomes NADPH.  The lost electrons from the pigment molecules are replaced by the electrons coming out of the ETC of PSII

Calvin Cycle: Occurs in the stroma
- Using the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions, CO2 is fixed and converted into organic molecules, some of which are removed from the cycle to be used by the plant to make other organic molecules and some are regenerated to continue the cycle.

52
Q

Wavelengths and colors of light most effective for photosynthesis

A

Purple/Blue Spectrum: 400-500nm
Orange/Red Spectrum: 650-750nm

NOT effective: Green:550nm

53
Q

Non cyclic electron flow VS cyclic

A

Non-cyclic produced ATP and NADPH that carries electrons on a linear path from PSI and II to Calvin cycle.

Cyclic happens when PSI cycles back electrons instead of allowing them to transfer out to ONLY PRODUCE ATP by using pigment molecules to cycle electons. NO NADPH OR WATER produced.

54
Q

3 phases of the Calvin Cycle

A
  1. Carbon Fixation: Bringing in of inorganic carbon source(CO2) and with the use of enzyme Rubisco, joining CO2 to Ribulose Biphosphate.
  2. Reduction: Electrons brought by NADPH from light reactions are added to sugars, reducing them and converting them to different sugars as the cycle continues. ATP made in light reactions is also used in this process.
  3. Regeneration: After some sugar leaves the cycle in the form of G3P, the rest of the G3P stays in the cycle to be converted back to Ribulose Biphosphate with the help of more ATP from the light reactions.
55
Q

Role of ATP and NADPH in Calvin Cycle

A

Mainly phases 2 and 3 of cycle.

  1. Carbon Fixation: Bringing in of inorganic carbon source(CO2) and with the use of enzyme Rubisco, joining CO2 to Ribulose Biphosphate.
  2. Reduction: Electrons brought by NADPH from light reactions are added to sugars, reducing them and converting them to different sugars as the cycle continues. ATP made in light reactions is also used in this process.
  3. Regeneration: After some sugar leaves the cycle in the form of G3P, the rest of the G3P stays in the cycle to be converted back to Ribulose Biphosphate with the help of more ATP from the light reactions.
56
Q

What is occurring in Photosynthesis and why is all life dependent on it?

A

All the energy on this planet originally comes from the sun. Light energy drives the conversion of CO2 into organic molecules that the plant can store for use later in its own cellular respiration pathway or organisms that consume the plant can use. Oxygen is a byproduct of the photosynthetic pathway but it is vital for use in cellular respiration.

57
Q

Why are cellular respiration and photosynthesis considered related chemical pathways?

A

They are not directly reversible reactions.

However, they share many of the same key players and similar concepts.

Both
pathways have many redox reactions as electrons are taken from some
molecules and given to others. In general, photosynthesis is an anabolic
pathway that builds up more complex organic molecules from simpler ones,
storing energy in the bonds of those complex molecules that originally came
from the sun. Oxygen is produced as a byproduct. Cellular respiration is a
catabolic pathway that breaks down the complex molecules into smaller ones and
in the process, liberates the large amount of bond energy of glucose and banks it
into smaller, usable molecules (ATP). It requires oxygen produced in
photosynthesis to complete this process the most efficiently.

Biology Test 3 - Ch 9-10 (3 decks)

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