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LIFESCI 2D03 > Chapter 9: Antipredator Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Antipredator Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

crab colouration research question:

A

why do juvenile crabs have a complex body colour

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2
Q

crab colouration hypothesis:

A

the body colourant of juvenile crabs is cryptic on a heterogenous shell-hash substrate

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3
Q

crab colouration prediction

A

juveniles on shell hash will have higher survival

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4
Q

crab colouration methods

A

tethered individual juvenile crabs on ceramic tiles in ocean that were uniform white or heterogenous shell hash
record survival of all individuals over time

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5
Q

crab colouration results

A

few crabs on white tiles survived, over 60% on shell hash survived.

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6
Q

crab colouration conclusion

A

juvenile body colouration is cryptic on shell hash substrate and reduces predation risk

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7
Q

crab anti predator research question

A

can crabs select cryptic shell hash substrate?

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8
Q

crab anti predator hypothesis

A

crabs will move to cryptic backgrounds when they are available

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9
Q

crab anti predator prediction

A

crabs prefer a shell hash background to one that is uniform in colour, especially when predation risk is high

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10
Q

crab anti predator methods

A

place small and large juvenile crabs in aquarium with 2 types of tiles: white and shell hash
manipulate predation risk for 1/2 of crabs by adding water from tank with predatory fish
record proportion crabs on each tile

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11
Q

crab anti predator results

A

in comparison to large crabs, small crabs preferred shell hash regardless of treatment
large crabs preferred shell hash when risk was high

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12
Q

lizard anti predation research question

A

how does the presence of predators affect prey behaviour

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13
Q

lizard anti predator hypothesis

A

activity level of prey influences risk of being killed by a predator

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14
Q

lizard anti predation prediction

A

activity level of prey will be lower when predators present

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15
Q

lizard anti predation methods

A

whiptail lizards in experimental pens, add 2 predator lizards to half.
record behaviour of whiptails

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16
Q

lizard anti predation results

A

whiptails in predator present were less active

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17
Q

lizard anti predator conclusion

A

lizards reduce their activity level when predators are nearby

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18
Q

what is a reason a prey may take evasive action?

A

they may be too slow to flee from predator. some moths will just drop before being attacked

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19
Q

evasive action

A

a range of maneuvers or strategies employed by prey animals to escape or avoid capture when they are detected by a predator. these actions are part of prey’s defence mechanisms to increase chances of survival.

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20
Q

fleeing

A

running away from predator to create distance and reduce likelihood of capture.
some prey are adapted to swift, agile movements to escape

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21
Q

hiding

A

seeking cover or concealing themselves to make it difficult for predator to locate them.
find shelter, burrow into ground, blend into environment

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22
Q

camouflage

A

some prey have evolved to blend into surroundings, making it harder for predators to spot them.
includes colouration and patterns that match environment

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23
Q

deception

A

using tactics to confuse or distract the predator
false alarms, changes in direction, vocalization meant to startle or confuse

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24
Q

group defence

A

prey animals may band together in groups for safety. larger numbers make it more challenging for predators to single out and capture an individual

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25
Q

defensive weaponry

A

some prey species have evolved physical defences (horns, spines, etc) to deter predators. used to defend themselves when cornered.

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26
Q

mimicry

A

some prey mimic appearance or behaviour of other organisms that are unpalatable, toxic or dangerous to predators to deter them

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27
Q

freezing

A

prey will freeze in place, hoping that their lack of movement will make them less conspicuous

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28
Q

vigilance behaviour

A

scanning the environment for predators

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29
Q

elk research question

A

what affects vigilance levels of prey

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30
Q

elk hypothesis

A

animals will trade off feeding time for vigilance based on level of risk

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31
Q

elk prediction

A

vigilance will be higher and feeding time will be lower when predation risk is high

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32
Q

elk methods

A

quantified vigilance and feeding behaviour of elk living in areas with and without wolves

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33
Q

elk results

A

females with calves were more vigilant
males were least vigilant

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34
Q

squirrel research question

A

how often should animals carry food to safety for consumption

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35
Q

squirrel hypothesis

A

food carrying behaviour represents a trade off between feeding in safety and obtaining high energy intake

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36
Q

squirrel prediction

A

large items should be carried to safety more than small
as distance to safety increases, carrying behaviour should decline

37
Q

squirrel methods

A

offered different sized food items at varying distances from trees
recorded proportion of items carried to safe cover

38
Q

squirrel results

A

proportion of items carried increased with food size and decreased with distance to cover

39
Q

squirrel conclusion

A

food carrying represents a behavioural trade off between predation risk and feeding efficiency

40
Q

nocturnal or crepuscular activity

A

some species are primarily active during night (nocturnal) or during twilight (crepuscular) to avoid diurnal predators

41
Q

vigilance and alertness

A

animals may remain vigilant and alert to detect predators early, allowing them to free or take defensive action

42
Q

breeding synchronization

A

some species time their reproductive activities to coincide with periods of abundant resources, so they dont need to expose themselves to predation often

43
Q

hiding and shelter use

A

animals seek refuge in burrows, nests or dens to avoid predation during vulnerable times, like when giving birth or molting

44
Q

escape behaviour

A

rapid and agile escape behaviours, like flight or fleeing, help animals evade predators

45
Q

warning calls or signals

A

many animals use alarm calls or signals to warn others in their group about the presence of a predator

46
Q

social groups

A

live near individuals to reduce predation risk via dilution effect. probability of dying in a successful predator attack is reduced by presence of others

47
Q

killifish research question

A

how does predation risk affect schooling behaviour in fish

48
Q

killifish hypothesis

A

socialite reduces predation risk via dilution effect

49
Q

killifish prediction

A

fish should prefer to associate with larger rather than smaller groups

50
Q

killifish methods

A

high predation risk treatment: diluted killifish skin extract added to tank to simulate predation event
control:water added
recorded school size

51
Q

killifish results

A

median school size in high predation risk treatment was max. (10)
medial school in control was 2.

52
Q

killifish conclusion

A

killifish prefer to associate with other fish when predation risk is high, as predicted by the dilution effect

53
Q

benefits of group living

A

group acquisition of food
access to mates
shelter
protection from predation
social thermoregulation

54
Q

predation reduction:

A

improved vigilance for predators

55
Q

cheating

A

not an ESS.
cheaters get kicked out
and it isn’t evolutionarily stable, as if it were, all animals would be cheaters
negates benefit of group living if theyre all cheating

56
Q

cheetahs vigilance

A

individuals that are more vigilant due to alarm calls depart faster than non vigilant individuals

57
Q

lion pride

A

adult males often related, called “coalitions” which control the territory and its associated lionesses

58
Q

cooperative hunting in lions

A

individuals specialize their hunting strat, wings or centre
wings stalk prey, tend to be smaller
centre are larger, and tend to run in and jump the prey

59
Q

optimal group size

A

the optimal number of individuals where benefits of group living are maxed, but the costs of group living are minimized

60
Q

skew theory

A

models that consider the effect of group size on an individual’s reproductive success
considers potential costs and benefits of group living

61
Q

Warkentin lab

A

studies tree frogs and connects them to social issues

62
Q

tree frog transformation

A

they can go from a cell sac to a developed tadpole in 7 days

63
Q

tree frog challenges in environment

A

eggs attach to vegetation overhanging ponds and swamps

64
Q

tree frog ongoing threats

A

predation
dehydration
drowning

65
Q

tree frog defence mechanism

A

can hatch early to escape threats

66
Q

tree frog trade off

A

early hatching exposes them to dangers in water

67
Q

what can trigger early hatching in tree frogs

A

predators
pathogens
oxygen availability
bad parenting
environmental cues- vibrations

68
Q

warkentin tree frog study

A

how do eggs differentiate predation vibrations vs harmless vibrations?
recorded vibrations in wild to play to clutches in lab

found frog eggs picked up on vibrations over time: rain and wind batter the egg less and are constant, but snakes take a break to chew

69
Q

selfish herd hypothesis

A

a predator is more likely to kill a member on the outside of the group
individuals can reduce predation risk by moving to middle

70
Q

group size effect

A

vigilance behaviour of individuals declines as group increases

71
Q

doves research questions

A
  1. do doves exhibit group size effect
  2. are doves on the edge exposed to higher predation risk?
72
Q

doves hypotheses

A
  1. vigilance decreases as group size increases
  2. individuals can reduce predation risk by moving into middle
73
Q

doves prediction

A
  1. individual scan rates will decline as flock size increases
  2. individuals at edge of flock will have higher vigilance levels than those at centre
74
Q

doves methods

A

record group size
used focal animal sampling to record position, scan rate/duration and feeding time

75
Q

doves results

A

as flock size increases, the scan rate declines and feeding rate increased.

76
Q

mobbing research question

A

why do prey harass predators

77
Q

mobbing hypothesis

A

harassment causes predators to move away from an area (the move on hypothesis)

78
Q

mobbing prediction

A

after being harassed, predators move away from an area

79
Q

mobbing methods

A

observed mobbing behaviour by birds
noted frequency of owl predation on bird species that mobbed and those that didnt
recorded response to mobbing

80
Q

mobbing results

A

mobbing over time led to the owl leaving

81
Q

pursuit deterrence

A

advertisement behaviour informs a predator it lost the element of surprise and pursuit will not be successful

82
Q

alarm signal hypothesis

A

advertisement behaviour functions to warn nearby conspecifics

83
Q

deer tail research question

A

why do deer exhibit tail flagging behaviour after seeing a predator

84
Q

deer tail hypothesis

A

1: tail flagging deters predator pursuit
2: tail flagging warns conspecifics

85
Q

deer tail prediction

A

1: tail flagging should occur more often as distance between predator and deer increases
2: solitary deer should exhibit less tail flagging than deer in social groups

86
Q

deer tail methods

A

slowly stalked focal deer
record number of deer nearby
recoded tail flagging behaviour during stalk and distance to deer

87
Q

deer tail results

A

no difference in tail flagging between solitary and social deer
tail flagging was more frequent as distance to deer increased

88
Q

brown thornbill calling

A

mimics warning call of many birds to scare off predators. mimics by pretending bigger bird is near

LIFESCI 2D03 (5 decks)

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