Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LIFESCI 2D03 > Chapter 8: Foraging behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Foraging behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

sensory modality

A

mechanism in which information gets to the animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do fish use mechanoreceptors for?

A

detecting body position and information about water pressure/movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

lateral line system

A

used by fish for “hearing”, detecting their body position and for information about water pressure/movement. made of neuromasts, which are mechanoreceptors that provide hydrodynamic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

catfish prey tracking research questions

A

how to nocturnal catfish find food in the dark?

do catfish use chemical or hydrodynamic cues to track prey in the dark?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

catfish prey tracking hypothesis

A

catfish use their lateral line system to detect cues provided by the wake of their prey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

catfish prey tracking prediction

A

catfish will follow the wake of their prey while hunting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

catfish prey tracking methods

A

use infrared video to track movement of both predator and prey
classify movement as path following, head on, or attack on stationary guppy

manipulate lateral line or external gestation, classify hunting success and movement sequences of fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

catfish prey tracking results

A

intact catfish relied mostly on wake following
lateral line inhibited (ablated) fish used a head on attack mode. hunting success SEVERELY reduced
taste ablated used more head on and wake following. hunting success mildly reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what’s interesting about research into snakes’ heat sensing abilities

A

help inform tech for military, search and rescue, police

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

bees foraging senses research question

A

is foraging more efficient when multiple senses are used?
(bees tend to use colour + shape along with odour to find flowers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

bee foraging senses methods

A

trained individual bees to feed on artificial flowers
treatments:
- visual cue
- olfactory cue
- shape and olfactory cue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

bee foraging senses results

A

bees trained to use both visual and odour cues (multimodal) had highest feeding performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

bee foraging senses conclusion

A

use of multimodal cues facilitates efficient feeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

evolutionary arms race and visual predation:

A

natural selection favours more cryptic prey, behaviour or morphology that avoids detection.
natural selection favours predators that can better detect hidden/cryptic prey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

trout foraging research question

A

how does cryptic prey colouration affect trout foraging efficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

trout foraging hypothesis

A

prey that match their background will be harder for predators to detect, and predator hunting efficiency will increase with experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

trout foraging predictions

A
  1. trout will find non cryptic prey faster
  2. trout will find cryptic prey faster with experience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

trout foraging methods

A

2 aquaria, identical except for bottom: one was brown plastic + grains, other was green plastic + grains.
placed prey in aquarium. it was cryptic on brown, conspicuous on green.
record time until fish found food item
tested half with cryptic half with conspicuous prey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

trout foraging results

A

found non cryptic prey faster
search time decreased with experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

trout foraging conclusion

A

background colour matching can benefit prey by reducing predator hunting efficiency
predator search
predator search efficiency for cryptic prey increases over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

optimal foraging theory, and 2 common examples

A

assumes that fitness increases with energy intake rate
behaviour that maximizes fitness is optimal behaviour
diet model
patch use model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

diet model assumptions

A
  1. foragers maximize fitness by maximizing energy intake rate
  2. food items are encountered one at a time in proportion to abundance
  3. food items can be ranked by their profitability (energy/handling time)
23
Q

diet theory variables

A

food items: define energy and handling time
diets: define how specialized or general the diet is
mean search time: how much search time for each food item
mean handling time: how much time each type of forager spends handling food

24
Q

optimal diet model solving

A

average energy equation

25
Q

optimal diet model graphical solution

A

find line that minimizes time spent on one item and handling time per item. middle is best, since theres some specialization to speed up handling time but not so much where the food is hard to find.

26
Q

crow diet research question

A

why do crows reject some clams while foraging?

27
Q

crow diet hypothesis

A

crows attempt to maximize energy intake rate according to optimal diet model

28
Q

crow diet prediction

A

crows should eat all clams greater than 29mm and reject all clams smaller than this.

29
Q

crow diet methods

A

measured handling times of differently sized clams
measured energy content of different sized clams

30
Q

crow diet results

A

clams over 30mm were almost always eaten, clams under 28 mm almost always rejected

31
Q

diminishing returns

A

when forager enters a food patch theres an initial high harvest rate, but as patch is depleted the harvest rate declines

32
Q

optimal patch use model assumptions

A
  1. foragers attempt to maximize energy intake rate
  2. all patches are identical
  3. travel time between patches is constant
  4. instantaneous harvest rate declines as forager depletes a patch (forager experiences diminishing returns)
33
Q

what does optimal patch use model predict?

A

the optimal time to spend exploiting each patch

34
Q

graphical solution to optimal patch use model

A

line that goes from start (beginning of travel time) will meet the curve. wherever it meets is the optimal time

35
Q

marginal value theorem

A

for fixed travel time Tt, energy intake rate is maximized when forager spends Tp time in patch
short travel time = short patch time
long travel time = long patch time

36
Q

costs when feeding:

A
  • energetic costs
    -predation risk costs
    -missed opportunity costs
37
Q

updated patch use model

A

predicts that patches with identical benefits and costs should be harvested at the same rate

38
Q

give up density

A

amount of food remaining in a patch after foraging

39
Q

fruit bat research question

A

how do fruit bats exploit food patches that differ in food amount?

40
Q

fruit bat hypothesis

A

bats will attempt to maximize their energy intake rate

41
Q

fruit bat prediction

A

bats will equalize give up density across patches

42
Q

fruit bat methods

A

outdoor flight cage with feeding stations
each station had 3 artificial feeders that differed in amount of food
record give up density in all feeders for 3 days
feeders had rubber pieces inside to make extracting food challenging

43
Q

fruit bat results

A

graph mimics the graphical solution for optimal patch use mode. as food harvested increased, so did time in patch but it began to level off.
bats equalized giving up densities at 3 feeders in each station

44
Q

kangaroo rat methods

A

individuals feed from food patches filled with sand
patches in open or covered with brush
manipulated presence/absence of predator urine near patches
measured give up density in patches

45
Q

kangaroo rat results

A

GUD lowest under shrub
highest when predator scent present

46
Q

kangaroo rat conclusion

A

foraging behaviour is affected by predation risk costs as predicted by updated optimal patch use model

47
Q

food patch estimation

A

optimal patch use model assumes animals know quality of encountered patches, when in reality the animal will combine sample information about the patch with prior knowledge about other patch types using bayesian estimation

48
Q

bayesian foraging bees research question

A

can bees estimate food patch quality in a bayesian manner?

49
Q

bayesian foraging bees hypothesis

A

foragers combine prior knowledge of distribution of patch types with sample information to estimate patch quality

50
Q

bayesian foraging bees predictions

A

bees trained in uniform environment will exploit patches differently than bees trained in high variance environment

51
Q

bayesian foraging bees methods

A

trained bees to feed from artificial patches
half in uniform, half in high variance environment
observed propensity to depart a patch (estimate of patch quality)

52
Q

bayesian foraging bees results

A

high variance bees would have high propensity to stay in patch
uniform bees would have low propensity to stay in patch

53
Q

bayesian foraging bees conclusion

A

bees appear to combine prior knowledge of patch type distribution with sample information to estimate patch quality (bayesian foraging)

LIFESCI 2D03 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions