Chapter 9: Animals Flashcards
Describe the five vertebrae.
Fish are aquatic vertebrates with gills for breathing, scales, and fins. They are the most diverse group of vertebrates.
Amphibians: These vertebrates live in water and land, typically have smooth, moist skin, and breathe through lungs or skin.
Reptiles: Scales characterize these cold-blooded vertebrates, which lay eggs. They include snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles.
Birds: These warm-blooded vertebrates have feathers and wings for flight and lay eggs.
Mammals: These warm-blooded vertebrates have fur or hair and mammary glands to nourish their young. They include humans, dogs, cats, and whales.
Describe the significant historical figures in the classification of animals.
Aristotle was the first to provide the basic classification of animals.
Carl Linnaeus was the first to put animals into his taxonomy.
George Cuvier - grouped the classes of plants into phyla.
began with early attempts like Aristotle’s grouping by blood presence, then evolved with Linnaeus’s hierarchical system and binomial nomenclature, which laid the foundation for modern taxonomy
Kingdom: The broadest level, encompassing all animals (Kingdom Animalia).
Phylum: A major grouping within a kingdom (animals with exoskeletons).
Class: Further divides phyla (mammals) within Chordata.
Order: Divides classes, like Primates (apes, monkeys, humans) within Mammalia.
Family: Divides orders, like Hominidae (great apes) within Primates.
Genus: Divides families, like Homo (humans) within Hominidae.
Species: The most specific level, identifying a unique group of organisms, like Homo sapiens (humans) within Homo.
Explain the major scientists and their contributions to animal classification.
Aristotle was the first to provide the basic classification of animals.
Carl Linnaeus was the first to put animals into his taxonomy. Six Classes: mammals, birds, reptiles, fishes, insects, and worms
George Cuvier - grouped the classes of plants into phyla.
Describe the cell cycle.
The cycle of division, DNA synthesis, and carrying out of standard functions that a cell undergoes. A series of events a cell goes through as it grows and divides, consisting of interphase and the mitotic phase, where the cell divides, producing two genetically identical daughter cells.
List and describe the three germ layers in the blastula.
Ectoderm - central nervous system, sensory structures, glands, hair, epidermis.
Mesoderm - cartilage, bone, muscle, blood vessels, kidneys, gonads, spleen, lungs.
Endoderm - the lining of digestive and respiratory tracts. Liver, thyroid, pancreas, and the lining of the bladder.
Describe the early stages of the development of animals.
Begin with fertilization, where a sperm cell fuses with an egg cell to form a zygote, followed by rapid cell division called cleavage, which results in the formation of a blastula, a ball of cells; then, during gastrulation, the blastula undergoes significant cell movement to establish the three primary germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
Explain Hox genes.
The master regulatory genes control many other genes involved in developing body parts in multi-cellular organisms.
Describe the animal phyla
Compare radial and bilateral symmetry in animals.
Radial Symmetry: a type of body plan in which multiple imaginary lines pass through the center of the animal that divides the animal into two mirroring images
Bilateral Symmetry: a type of body plan in which a single imaginary line passes through the center of the animal that divides into two halves of an organism into mirror images of each other.
Describe the three types of body cavities found in animals.
Acoelomate (no body cavity), pseudocoelomate (partially lined body cavity), and coelomate (completely lined body cavity with mesoderm tissue).
What are the three germ layers formed in the blastula?
Describe Hox genes.
the master regulatory genes
Compare Protostones and Deuterostomes.
Protostones: A group of animals defined by the blastopore developed in the mouth.
Deuterostomes: A group of animals defined by the blastopore developed in the anus.
Describe the early stages of animal development.
Gametes form the zygote during fertilization; the zygote goes through several mitotic divisions with/ no cell growth.
List and describe the three major animal clades.
acoelomate - flatworm
pseudocoelomate - roundworms
coelomate - earthworm
List the nine major animal phyla and a key distinguishing trait for each one.
- Porifera (sponges)—The sponges lack true tissue.
- cnidaria—The cnidarians have true tissues and radial body symmetry.
- Platyhelminthes— The flatworms are protostomes and acoelomates, bilaterians.
- mollusca—They are protostomes, and bilaterians.
- Annelida— The segmented worms are triploblastic coelomates. They are protostomes and bilaterians.
- Nematoda—The roundworms are protostomes and bilaterians.
- Arthropoda— The arthropods are ecdysozoans. They possess segmented appendages. They are protostomes and bilaterians.
- echinodermata—The echinoderms are deuterostomes. They are bilaterians and have skin covered with spines for self-defense.
- Chordata—The chordates are deuterostomes and bilaterians characterized by having (at some point) a notochord, a hollow
dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail.
List the major animal phyla.
Porifera (sponges)
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes (Protostomes and Bilaterians)
Mollusca (Protostomes and Bilaterians)
Annelida (Protostomes and Bilaterians)
Nematoda (Protostomes and Bilaterians)
Arthropoda (Protostomes and Bilaterians)
Echinodermata (Deuterostomes)
Chordata (Deuterostomes)
