Chapter 8 Flashcards
Describe the process of transpiration.
The process by which water moves through plants (from root to stoma) as a result of evaporation and the cohesive and adhesive properties of water
Sporophytes and Gametophytes.
Sporophytes - multicellular, diploid plant gen that produces meiosis spores.
Gametophytes - multicellular haploid plant gen that produces both male and female gametes.
Describe some fungal diseases of different organisms.
Taphrina Deformans affects which is some trees, making their leaves curl. Another is corn smut, which stops the development of corn ears.
What happens to heterokaryotic hyphae?
The heterokaryotic hyphae continue to reproduce through mitosis.
What is meant by the Alternation of Generations?
in fungi
in fungi
The Alternation of Generations.
1st Generation - Diploid, multi-cellular, Meiosis
2nd Generation - Haploid, multi-cellular, Mitosis - Fertilization
Diploid Generation and Haploid Generation alternate
What are the mating types in fungi?
Within a particular fungal species are two mating types, similar to male and female organisms.
What is the life cycle of a fungus?
- The haploid fungus separates from the mature fungus
- The spore goes through plasmogamy, where the cytoplasm fuses
- The cell then goes through the heterokaryotic stage
- the cell does karyogamy, meiosis, and germination and becomes a mycelium.
Define tropism and provide examples.
the growth of an organism towards a stimulus
Describe plants scientifically.
Plants, like fungi, are multicellular eukaryotic organisms. Plants are different from fungi in that they are autotrophic (they can produce food through photosynthesis.
Describe the life cycle of a plant.
Diploid Generation: mature sporophyte goes through meiosis, the spores from meiosis go through mitosis (gametophyte).
Haploid Generation: The Prothallus goes through mitosis producing male and female gametes (gamtophytes), Fertilization developign sporophyte.
What are the five fungal phyla (define & describe)?
Chytridiomycota - 1,000 species, multicellular,w/ flagella.
Zygomycota - 1,000 species, molds, Zygospores produced from plasmogamy.
Glomeromycota - 200 species, 80% of plants have
a relationship w/ Glomeromycota
Ascomycota - 65,000 species, sac-like structure, yeast
Basidiomycota - club-like, 30,000 species, mushrooms
Do fungi have an asexual reproductive cycle?
Yes, many fungi also have an asexual cycle in which spore-producing structures are formed.
Describe the basic anatomy of fungi.
- Eukaryotic organisms are usually multicellular.
- Sessile and don’t move.
- They are heterotropic, like 95% of organisms
Describe fungal hypha
Fungi are composed of millions of tiny filaments called hyphae.
Formed from fungal cells strung together.
Separated by septa, walls made of polysaccharide chitin and provide protection
Hyphae are long and threadlike, extending out to increase surface area
Hyphae arranges themselves into mass called, mycelium or complex structures called fruiting bodies
How did fungi become classified?
Fungi were first observed by Giambattista della Porta in 1588.
Christian Hendrick first truly classified fungi, using Carl Linnaeus’ system of reproduction to develop a scheme for them.
What occurs during plasmogamy?
During plasmogamy, the cytoplasm of the cells fuse together, but the nuclei remain separate.
What follows karyogamy in the life cycle of fungi?
Karyogamy is quickly followed by meiosis to produce haploid spores that are released from the fruiting body.
What is karyogamy?
Karyogamy is the process where nuclei fuse together to form a diploid nucleus.
What initiates the fungus life cycle?
- life cycle begins with haploid spores being released from the fruiting body of a mature fungus.
- Spores are carried by air, water, or insects
- Spores divide by mitosis, developing into a mycelium made of hyphae
What roles do fungi play in creation?
Decomposers, chytrids (which help ants), and FOOD
Describe the basic structure of a flower.
A typical flower consists of four main parts: sepals (outermost, often green and leaf-like), petals (brightly colored, attracting pollinators), stamens (male reproductive parts), and the pistil (female reproductive part), which includes the stigma, style, and ovary
How were plants classified
Plants were first classified by Theophrastus, who wrote up a list of about 480 different plant species. Then, Albert the Great came along and crushed Theophrastus forever with his brilliant idea of using plant structures to differentiate them. Finally, Linnaeus was added to the mix by classifying plants based on their reproductive structures.
What is plasmogamy?
Plasmogamy is the fusion of hyphae from two mating types to form a heterokaryotic cell.
List and describe four different groups of plants.
Non-vascular - lack of vascular tissue.
Seedless vascular - possess vascular tissue.
Gymnosperms - vascular plants with seeds.
Angiosperms - seeded plants that produce fruits and flowers.
How long can fungi remain in the heterokaryotic stage?
Depending on the fungal type, the organism may remain in this heterokaryotic stage for up to a year.
What is the basic anatomy of fungi?
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that are usually multicellular.
Describe the anatomy of a leaf
A leaf: Blade (apex, margin, midrib, veins, and base)
“Root”: (petiole, and stipule grow)
Describe the life cycle of angiosperm
- pollen grain lands on stigma of flower
- breaks open and produces a pollen tube that grows down through stigma
- male gametophy passes through tube into flowers ovulary
- double fertilization
- produces endosperm
Test prep.
describe plant botanically.
fruit is a fleshy structure that contains seeds.
describe angiosperm.
Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed within a fruit.
Describe Cellular Respiration
4 steps of Cellular Respiration
The process by which glucose is broken down and its chemical potential energy is stored as ATP
26-28 ATP are formed
Carried by NADH and FADH2
Electrons lose energy as they pass along ETC
4 steps of Cellular Respiration
- Glycolysis,
- Oxidation of Pyruvate
- Krebs Cycle
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
Cellular Respiration
- Glycolysis - Breaking of glucose releases ATP and NADH.🤌🏻
- Oxidation of Pyruvate - Pyruvate is turned into Acetyl CoA.😘
- Krebs Cycle - Turns Acetyl CoA into other six-carbon compounds
- Oxidative Phosphorylation - Electron Transport Chain (ETC) uses NADH, which charges ADP molecules into ATP for future use😱!
Describe Nondisjunction
The failure of the homologous chromosomes or the sister chromatids to separate correctly during cell division.
Differentiate between Angiosperms and Gymnosperms.
Gymnosperms - vascular plants with seeds.
Angiosperms - seeded plants that produce fruits and flowers.
