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Bio 150 > Chapter 9 and 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 and 10 Flashcards

1
Q

4 essential components of cell communication

A

Signaling cell, signaling molecule, receptor protein, responding cell

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2
Q

How do cells typically activate the receptors they bind to?

A

Cells are able to communicate by sending a signaling molecule that binds to a receptor on a responding cell
Receptor Activation- Signal usually activates the the receptor by causing a conformational change in the receptor

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3
Q

Signal Transduction

A

One molecule activates the next, which activates the next, etc. Its like a chain. Signal amplified at each step = low signal concentration can have high effect

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4
Q

Examples of response to signal transduction

A

activate enzymes, turn on genes

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5
Q

Why is termination important?

A

Protects from overreaction= appropriate level of response.

Allows cell to respond to new signals

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6
Q

Endocrine Signaling

A

Molecules travel through bloodstream (long distance) ex. adrenaline

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7
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

Signaling molecule moves via diffusion btwn 2 cells. Molecule is small and water-soluble
ex. Growth Factor, nuerons

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8
Q

Autocrine Signaling

A

Cell signals itself

ex. in the embryo

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9
Q

Juxtacrine (cell-cell signaling)

A

Physical contact.

ex. embryo

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10
Q

Ligand

A

Signaling Molecule

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11
Q

Ligand-Binding Site

A

Part of receptor protein where ligand binds
Bond is covalent and highly specific
When ligand binds, conformational change

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12
Q

Why do polar molecules have receptors outside the surface of the cell?

A

Polar cannot move through membrane

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13
Q

Which subunit of a G-protein coupled receptor binds to GDP and GTP?

A

Alpha subunit. When active, separates from beta and gamma

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14
Q

Second Messenger

A

Signaling molecules inside the cell that relay information to the next target in the signal transduction path. ex. cAMP to PKA

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15
Q

Biological Tissue

A

A collection of cells that work together to perform a specific function

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16
Q

Four types of tissue

A

epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle

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17
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Maintains shape and structure

Dynamic

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18
Q

Cell Junctions

A

Determine shape and structural integrity of tissues and organs by ability of cells to connect to one another

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19
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Meshwork outside cell that supports tissue and organ structure. Made of proteins and polysaccharides

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20
Q

Basal Lamina

A

Specialized form of extracellular matrix, underlies and supports epithelial tissue

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21
Q

Polymers

A

Make up microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

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22
Q

Is the cytoskeleton dynamic?

A

Yes, enables movement of substances within cells and changes cell shape

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23
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • made of Actin monomers
  • Double Helix
  • reinforce plasma membrane and organize proteins associated with it
  • Grow/shrink by addition/subtraction of subunits. Plus end assembles quickly. Rate depends on concentration of tubulin
  • Make up spindles that are attached to the chromosome during cell division
24
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow tube formed from tubulin dimers, largest in diatmeter.
Alpha and beta tubulin= tubulin dimer
Spawn from centrosome
Many organelles tether to microtubules

25
Q

Dynamic Instability

A

Random cycles of polymerization and depolymerization

Allow spindle microtubules to quickly find and attach to chromosome

26
Q

Motor Proteins

A

Kinesin and dynein

Move due to conformational changes, use ATP

27
Q

Kinesin

A

Transports cargo to plus end of microtubules at the periphery

28
Q

Dynein

A

Transports cargo away from plasma membrane towards minus end

29
Q

Cillia and Flagella

A

Contain microtubules

Move by associating with dynein

30
Q

Myosin

A

With actin microfilaments, transports cellular cargo and is responsible for changes in cell shape

31
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Eukaryotic cells
Provide mechanical strength
Polymers combine to form cable-like structure, attach to cell junctions at cytoplasmic side
Defective- make skin fragile

32
Q

Cell-junctions

A

Connect cells to each other and anchor cells to the extracellular matrix

33
Q

Why do cells sort themselves?

A

Cell adhesion molecules on cell surface

34
Q

Cadherin

A

Calcium-dependent adherence protein
Promotes structural continuity= cell adhesion
Transmembrane Protein

35
Q

Integrin

A

Cell adhesion molecule that enables cells to adhere to the extracellular matrix

36
Q

Anchoring Cell Junctions

A

Composed of cadherins and integrins

Two types: adherens junctions and desomomes

37
Q

Adherens Junctions

A

Attach to MF
Cadherin
Anchoring Junction
ex. epithelial cells

38
Q

Desomomes

A 
Create button-like structure- 1 specific spot
Cadherins connect btwn cells
Attach to IF
increases structure
Anchoring Junction
39
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Seal between cells so only way a substance can move from one side to the other is through
Made of integral membrane proteins
In Vertebrates
Splits membrane in 2 regions: apical-on top, basal lateral- sides and bottom
Encircles cell and goes inbetween
Connects to Actin (MF)
ex. in stomach

40
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Permit materials to pass from cytoplasm of one cell to cytoplasm of another cell
In animal cells
Form a ring
Allow ions and signaling molecules through

41
Q

3 proteins that make up extracellular matrix

A

Collagen, elastin, laminin

42
Q

What is the charge of the ECM

A

Negative bc of polysaccharides

43
Q

Connective tissue

A

Unusual because dominated by extracellular matrix and has low cell density

44
Q

Collagen

A

Most abundant protein in ECM

45
Q

How are ECM proteins also involved in signaling?

A

Integrins act as a receptor

46
Q

What in the cell can the ECM influence?

A

Cell shape and gene expression

47
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Gap junctions in plants
Allow ions, signaling molecules, RNA, and proteins through
Pass through Cell wall

48
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Anchoring junction
Use integrin
Attach to IF/integrin

49
Q

ECM

A

-stuff inbtwn cells
-gives shape and structure
-proteins and polysaccharides
-In plants:
cellulose
-In animals:
Proteins and sugars
Negatively charged- attracts ions and water
Provides strength
Collagen most abundant

50
Q

4 steps of signaling

A
  1. Receptor Activation
  2. Signal Transduction
  3. Response
  4. Termination
51
Q

Protein Kinase Receptor

A
  • 2 half receptors
  • when they meet, called dimerization
  • induce conformational changes
  • when ends touch, they phosphorylate each other
  • ex. Ras?
52
Q

Ion Channel

A

ligand binds to receptor and causes conformational change
ions move from h to l conc.
When reaches equilibrium, ligand leaves and deactivated

53
Q

Termination

A
  1. Ligand leaves
  2. GTP hydrolyzed to GDP
  3. alpha subunit comes back
  4. Adenyl Cyclase inactive
  5. cAMP inactive
  6. PKA inactive-phosphatase takes off phosphate group
54
Q

Ras

A

Protein kinase
responsible for cell differentiation and development
p53 responsible for apoptosis, checkpoint, regulates Ras
when p53 off, Ras remains on= unhindered cell growth=cancer
Warburg Effect
Buildup of lactic acid, occurs when there is too much cell growth bc ATP used up

55
Q

Chlorea

A

Dehydration, vomiting,
Water leaving the cell because Cl- is leaving bc ion channel remains open
Osmosis
targets GPCR

56
Q

CF

A

mucous buildup
channels closed/lack of ion channels
buildup of Cl-, H2O, Na+ bc can’t leave the cell

Bio 150 (2 decks)

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